Questions 2025-2026 Updated with
Correct Verified Solutions.
Decision - Answer Choice made from available alternatives
Decision Making - Answer Process of identifying problems and opportunities
Programmed decisions - Answer Situations that have occurred often enough to enable
decision rules to be developed and applied in the future
[certainty and risk]
Non-Programmed Decisions - Answer Situations that are unique, are poorly defined, and
largely unstructured, and have important consequences for the future
[uncertainty and ambiguity]
Certainty - Answer All the information needed is available
Risk - Answer A decision has clear goals and info that future outcomes are subject to some
chance of loss or failure
Ambiguity - Answer Goals or problems to solve are unclear, alternatives are difficult to
define, and info about outcomes is unavailable
Classical Model - Answer Based on rational economic assumptions and manager beliefs
about what ideal decision making should be; guidelines
normative: defines how decision maker should make decisions
Programmed decisions; certainty and risk
personal choice/ maximize outcome
Administrative Model - Answer Recognizes the human and environmental limitations that
affect the degree to which managers can pursue a rational decision making process; descriptive
Bounded Rationality
, Political Model - Answer Conditions are uncertain, information is limited and there are
manager conflicts about what goals to pursue or what courses of action to take
Coalition of managers
Bargaining and discussion
Decision Making Steps - Answer Recognition of decision requirement
Diagnosis and analysis of problem
Development of Alternatives
Selection of desired alternative
Implementation of chosen alternative
Evaluation and Feedback
Directive decision framework - Answer Prefer simple, clear solutions; quick, few alternatives;
efficient; rational
Analytical decision framework - Answer Complex solutions
lots of data
best possible decision
Conceptual decision framework - Answer Lots of info; talk it out; broad; creativity
Behavioral decision framework - Answer concern for others; feelings about a problem
Manager's Bad Decisions - Answer Influenced by initial impression
Justifying past decisions
Seeing what you want to see
Perpetuating the status quo
Being influenced by decisions
Overconfidence
Brainstorming - Answer Face to face interactive group to spontaneously suggest as many