NLN NEX 2025-26 EXAM QUESTIONS &
DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS
PASSED
Bacteria reproduce asexually by _______.
binary fission. During binary fission the chromosome will attach itself to the plasma membrane
and copy itself. As the cell grows, it splits in half, each half taking a chromosome. This makes
two identical cells.
Some bacteria have loops of plasma known as
plasmids
Many important processes happen in the ______, including glycolysis, protein synthesis,
mitosis, and meiosis.
cytoplasm
the organelle where aerobic (with oxygen) cellular respiration takes place to make ATP.
mitochondria; Muscle cells need a lot of energy and usually have more mitochondria than other
types of cells
provide passageways through the membrane for water-soluble substances.
Channel proteins
spend energy (ATP) to transfer materials across the membrane.
Transport proteins
initiate specific cell responses once hormones or other trigger molecules bind to them.
Receptor proteins
move electrons from one molecule to another.
Electron transfer proteins
protein attachments between adjacent cells. Hold together tissues that undergo considerable
stress (skin and heart muscle).
,Desmosomes
tightly stitched seams between cells. Completely encircles each cell, preventing the movement
of material between the cell.
Tight Junctions
narrow tunnels between cells that consist of proteins called connexons. Proteins only allow ions
and small molecules to pass through.
Gap Junctions
____ is the movement of substances from higher concentration to lower concentration..
Diffusion
diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis
diffusion of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane.
Dialysis
diffusion of solutes though channel proteins in the plasma membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
In _______, homologous chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate and then migrate to
opposite poles.
meiosis I
In ________, chromosomes spread across the metaphase plate, and the chromatids separate
and migrate to opposite poles
meiosis II
During ________, crossing over of homologous chromosomes helps create natural genetic
variation.
Prophase I
Radiation or chemicals that cause mutations are called _______.
mutagens
are short extensions of the cell that feel stimuli.
Dendrites
,is a long extension of the body that sends stimuli.
Axon
Which type of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?
Connective tissue
Acts as a covering for bodily surfaces and cavities
Epithelial tissue
____________ reactions occur when one monomer forms a covalent bond to another single or
chain of monomers releasing a water molecule.
Dehydration synthesis
(Polymers are built from monomers via dehydration synthesis.)
Two molecules of glucose are linked together to form the disaccharide maltose. In the process,
a water molecule is formed-- this is an example of what?
Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
In hydrolysis reactions, bonds are broken (lysed) by the ______ of a water molecule. (Polymers
revert back to monomers via hydrolysis reactions.)
addition
The disaccharide maltose is broken down to form two glucose monomers with the addition of a
water molecule--- this an example of what
Hydrolysis reactions
Dehydration synthesis reactions typically _______ energy.
Hydrolysis reactions typically ______ energy.
require; release
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are common monosaccharides that are _____ of each other
(same chemical formula but different organization of their atoms)
isomers
Formed from two monosaccharides via dehydration synthesis.
Common example is sucrose (table sugar) formed from glucose and fructose.
Other examples include lactose and maltose.
, Disaccharides
Most common steroid is _______ which maintains the fluid nature of the plasma membrane
and acts as a precursor to steroid hormones like testosterone.
cholesterol
Primary component of the plasma membrane (which acts as a barrier between the interior of a
cell and its surroundings). Usually composed of two fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol
backbone.
Phospholipids
Amino acids are linked by ________ – formed by dehydration reactions.
peptide bonds
A _____ is an organism’s complete set of genetic material (its DNA and all of its genes).
genome
Adenine and guanine are ______ bases.
Thymine and cytosine are _______..
purine; pyrimidines
Nucleotides combine with each other by ________ (also referred to as phosphodiester bonds or
linkages).
covalent bonds
________ link complementary bases
Hydrogen bonds
A DNA template is read in the ______ direction.
3′ to 5′
New DNA strands are synthesized in the ______ direction.
5′ to 3′
DNA is composed of _______ which have three important components: nitrogenous base, 5-
carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.
nucleotides
DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS
PASSED
Bacteria reproduce asexually by _______.
binary fission. During binary fission the chromosome will attach itself to the plasma membrane
and copy itself. As the cell grows, it splits in half, each half taking a chromosome. This makes
two identical cells.
Some bacteria have loops of plasma known as
plasmids
Many important processes happen in the ______, including glycolysis, protein synthesis,
mitosis, and meiosis.
cytoplasm
the organelle where aerobic (with oxygen) cellular respiration takes place to make ATP.
mitochondria; Muscle cells need a lot of energy and usually have more mitochondria than other
types of cells
provide passageways through the membrane for water-soluble substances.
Channel proteins
spend energy (ATP) to transfer materials across the membrane.
Transport proteins
initiate specific cell responses once hormones or other trigger molecules bind to them.
Receptor proteins
move electrons from one molecule to another.
Electron transfer proteins
protein attachments between adjacent cells. Hold together tissues that undergo considerable
stress (skin and heart muscle).
,Desmosomes
tightly stitched seams between cells. Completely encircles each cell, preventing the movement
of material between the cell.
Tight Junctions
narrow tunnels between cells that consist of proteins called connexons. Proteins only allow ions
and small molecules to pass through.
Gap Junctions
____ is the movement of substances from higher concentration to lower concentration..
Diffusion
diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis
diffusion of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane.
Dialysis
diffusion of solutes though channel proteins in the plasma membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
In _______, homologous chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate and then migrate to
opposite poles.
meiosis I
In ________, chromosomes spread across the metaphase plate, and the chromatids separate
and migrate to opposite poles
meiosis II
During ________, crossing over of homologous chromosomes helps create natural genetic
variation.
Prophase I
Radiation or chemicals that cause mutations are called _______.
mutagens
are short extensions of the cell that feel stimuli.
Dendrites
,is a long extension of the body that sends stimuli.
Axon
Which type of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?
Connective tissue
Acts as a covering for bodily surfaces and cavities
Epithelial tissue
____________ reactions occur when one monomer forms a covalent bond to another single or
chain of monomers releasing a water molecule.
Dehydration synthesis
(Polymers are built from monomers via dehydration synthesis.)
Two molecules of glucose are linked together to form the disaccharide maltose. In the process,
a water molecule is formed-- this is an example of what?
Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
In hydrolysis reactions, bonds are broken (lysed) by the ______ of a water molecule. (Polymers
revert back to monomers via hydrolysis reactions.)
addition
The disaccharide maltose is broken down to form two glucose monomers with the addition of a
water molecule--- this an example of what
Hydrolysis reactions
Dehydration synthesis reactions typically _______ energy.
Hydrolysis reactions typically ______ energy.
require; release
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are common monosaccharides that are _____ of each other
(same chemical formula but different organization of their atoms)
isomers
Formed from two monosaccharides via dehydration synthesis.
Common example is sucrose (table sugar) formed from glucose and fructose.
Other examples include lactose and maltose.
, Disaccharides
Most common steroid is _______ which maintains the fluid nature of the plasma membrane
and acts as a precursor to steroid hormones like testosterone.
cholesterol
Primary component of the plasma membrane (which acts as a barrier between the interior of a
cell and its surroundings). Usually composed of two fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol
backbone.
Phospholipids
Amino acids are linked by ________ – formed by dehydration reactions.
peptide bonds
A _____ is an organism’s complete set of genetic material (its DNA and all of its genes).
genome
Adenine and guanine are ______ bases.
Thymine and cytosine are _______..
purine; pyrimidines
Nucleotides combine with each other by ________ (also referred to as phosphodiester bonds or
linkages).
covalent bonds
________ link complementary bases
Hydrogen bonds
A DNA template is read in the ______ direction.
3′ to 5′
New DNA strands are synthesized in the ______ direction.
5′ to 3′
DNA is composed of _______ which have three important components: nitrogenous base, 5-
carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.
nucleotides
