WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
2026 EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLVED
QUESTIONS
◉ Oncotic. Answer: a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
◉ In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is,
therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure. Answer:
albumin
◉ _____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume.
Answer: Albumin
◉ One question was about the difference in children and adult
immunity. Answer: Possible answer: naive T cells
◉ Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make
children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
,Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells. Answer:
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many
pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells than
adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak compared
to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel pathogens,
the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal selection fewer
opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
◉ Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS..
Answer: osmoreceptors
,◉ Fluid deficit causes. Answer: -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
◉ Fluid deficit risk factors. Answer: -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
◉ Fluid deficit manifestations. Answer: -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
◉ ROME for ABGs. Answer: Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2
levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
, ◉ Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help
to maintain a blood pH of _______. Answer: 7.35-7.45
◉ A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated
CO2 level and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What
condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis. Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the
same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is
high because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for
the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
◉ To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The
body utilizes 3 buffer systems:. Answer: proteins, phosphates, and
the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
◉ Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____,
second line of defense is _____. Answer: respirations; kidneys
2026 EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLVED
QUESTIONS
◉ Oncotic. Answer: a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
◉ In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is,
therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure. Answer:
albumin
◉ _____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume.
Answer: Albumin
◉ One question was about the difference in children and adult
immunity. Answer: Possible answer: naive T cells
◉ Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make
children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections?
Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
,Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells. Answer:
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many
pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells than
adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak compared
to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to
younger patients. When these patients encounter novel pathogens,
the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal selection fewer
opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
◉ Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS..
Answer: osmoreceptors
,◉ Fluid deficit causes. Answer: -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
◉ Fluid deficit risk factors. Answer: -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
◉ Fluid deficit manifestations. Answer: -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
◉ ROME for ABGs. Answer: Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2
levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
, ◉ Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help
to maintain a blood pH of _______. Answer: 7.35-7.45
◉ A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated
CO2 level and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What
condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis. Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the
same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is
high because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for
the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
◉ To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The
body utilizes 3 buffer systems:. Answer: proteins, phosphates, and
the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
◉ Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____,
second line of defense is _____. Answer: respirations; kidneys
