CSAD 126 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Anatomical Structures Involved in Articulation - Answers 1) soft palate: pressure, [stop],
consonants especially: fricatives, affricates, & stops.*
2) nasopharynx: hyper or hyponasal.
3) hard palate: hypernasal, pressure consonants.
4) teeth: /f, z, θ/.
5) lips: bilabials.
6) tongue: /s,z,l/ and interdentalization of /t,d,n,l/.
Nasopharynx - Answers AKA: Adenoids, nasopharyngeal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils.
1) May be hypertrophied, enlarged. When really large, can sound hyponasal.
2) Can compensate for short or partially immobile soft palate by assisting with VP closure.
3) Can block Eustachian tube opening into the nasopharynx, depriving middle ear of ventilation,
which can cause Otitis Media.
Supernumeray - Answers extra teeth
Malocclusion - Answers Classification system.
Our teeth help guide our tongue. Poor malocclusion really has an affect on /f, z, θ/ phonemes;
depending on the severity.
Class I - Answers few teeth misaligned; the dental arches generally aligned.
Class II - Answers Overbite: upper jaw protruded & lower jaw receded. Open bite is also often
classified as an overbite / class II.
Can result from tongue thrust, different genetic syndromes.
Class III - Answers underbite: upper jaw receded & lower jaw protruded.
Upper jaw may actually be recessed, or just appear recessed due to the protrusion of the lower
jaw.
Ankyloglossia - Answers short lingual frenulum, tongue tied.
Disorder of the tongue that really affects articulation.
Often not a problem unless it is very short.
,Glossectomy - Answers the partial or total removal of the tongue due to cancer.
VPI - Answers Velarpharyngeal insufficiencies.
Soft Palate - Answers May have VPI. Mobility and enough tissue are very important.
Need good VP closure for *pressure, [stop], consonants especially: fricatives, affricates, &
stops.*
Substitution with pharyngeal fricative.
May also have nasal emission and hypernasality.
May use glottal stops for other sounds.
Dysarthria - Answers Speech disorder associated with PNS or CNS damage.
Motor Speech disorder, not a language disorder.
The muscles of speech are weak, uncoordinated, or paralyzed.
Usually due to, stroke, TBI, degenerative diseases: Parkinson's, Lou Gehrig's, & cerebral palsy.
Cerebral Palsy - Answers Non progressive Neuromotor disorder in children.
Often due to fetal anoxia, lack of oxygen, pre-natal, perinatal, or post-natal.
Developmental of dysarthria.
There may be an injury in the child up to age 16 that causes Anoxia that can result in Cerebral
palsy, and Dysarthria,
If child has post-natal CP with dysarthria, it is called developmental dysarthria.
Apraxia of speech - Answers A motor planning Disorder, that has an affect in speech sound
production.
Normal peripheral neuromuscular mechanism, however there is CNS damage to Broca's area.
In Adults it's usually due to stroke.
In Children it's Childhood Apraxia of Speech / Developmental Apraxia of Speech.
If a child has hearing loss, what type of problems will they exhibit? - Answers 1) omission of
initial and final consonants; /h/ substitutions.
2) many diphthong and vowel substitutions.
3) inappropriate prosody.
, 4) pitch to increase or decrease.
5) more frequent pauses.
6) epenthesis.
7) hyper nasality.
8) produce both consonants and vowels.
Omissions of Initial and Final Consonants & Hearing Loss - Answers When we are speaking in
normal prosodic conversation, we don't put a lot of emphasis on the last consonant, thus
children with chronic otitis media will delete these consonants. A lot of /h/ substitutions.
Inappropriate prosody & Hearing Loss - Answers This is due to pitch changes, child may not
hear the pitch changes.
Epenthesis & Hearing Loss - Answers May have a hard time with the consonant clusters, so they
are helping by adding the schwa to help break up the cluster.
Hypernasality & Hearing Loss - Answers Related to the velar pharyngeal closure. Children have a
harder time hearing those differences, so they have difficulty regulating opening & closing the
valve.
Ukrainetz & Spencer Research on Articulation & Language Skills Relationship - Answers many
children have problems with BOTH language and articulation/phonology:
children with speech sound disorders may use incomplete sentences, shorter utterances, and
less complex language.
Molecular Genetics - Answers Allows researchers to investigate the genes responsible for any
disease or disorder.
There is a genetic association. It may be 1 of the variables that cause speech acquisition
disorders.
Ukrainetz, T.A., and Spencer (2015) on Molecular Genetics - Answers has shown that there is a
broad, verbal heritable trait that can result in a speech, language, or reading disorder. Some
genes may affect speech and language. Language and speech disorders may occur alone or
together.
Tongue Thrust - Answers Also called reverse swallow.
Refers to a certain manner of swallowing and tongue placement in the oral cavity during rest.
Tongue should rest against the alveolar ridge.
Characteristics of Tongue Thrust - Answers 1) during swallowing, tongue comes forward-- tip is
Anatomical Structures Involved in Articulation - Answers 1) soft palate: pressure, [stop],
consonants especially: fricatives, affricates, & stops.*
2) nasopharynx: hyper or hyponasal.
3) hard palate: hypernasal, pressure consonants.
4) teeth: /f, z, θ/.
5) lips: bilabials.
6) tongue: /s,z,l/ and interdentalization of /t,d,n,l/.
Nasopharynx - Answers AKA: Adenoids, nasopharyngeal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils.
1) May be hypertrophied, enlarged. When really large, can sound hyponasal.
2) Can compensate for short or partially immobile soft palate by assisting with VP closure.
3) Can block Eustachian tube opening into the nasopharynx, depriving middle ear of ventilation,
which can cause Otitis Media.
Supernumeray - Answers extra teeth
Malocclusion - Answers Classification system.
Our teeth help guide our tongue. Poor malocclusion really has an affect on /f, z, θ/ phonemes;
depending on the severity.
Class I - Answers few teeth misaligned; the dental arches generally aligned.
Class II - Answers Overbite: upper jaw protruded & lower jaw receded. Open bite is also often
classified as an overbite / class II.
Can result from tongue thrust, different genetic syndromes.
Class III - Answers underbite: upper jaw receded & lower jaw protruded.
Upper jaw may actually be recessed, or just appear recessed due to the protrusion of the lower
jaw.
Ankyloglossia - Answers short lingual frenulum, tongue tied.
Disorder of the tongue that really affects articulation.
Often not a problem unless it is very short.
,Glossectomy - Answers the partial or total removal of the tongue due to cancer.
VPI - Answers Velarpharyngeal insufficiencies.
Soft Palate - Answers May have VPI. Mobility and enough tissue are very important.
Need good VP closure for *pressure, [stop], consonants especially: fricatives, affricates, &
stops.*
Substitution with pharyngeal fricative.
May also have nasal emission and hypernasality.
May use glottal stops for other sounds.
Dysarthria - Answers Speech disorder associated with PNS or CNS damage.
Motor Speech disorder, not a language disorder.
The muscles of speech are weak, uncoordinated, or paralyzed.
Usually due to, stroke, TBI, degenerative diseases: Parkinson's, Lou Gehrig's, & cerebral palsy.
Cerebral Palsy - Answers Non progressive Neuromotor disorder in children.
Often due to fetal anoxia, lack of oxygen, pre-natal, perinatal, or post-natal.
Developmental of dysarthria.
There may be an injury in the child up to age 16 that causes Anoxia that can result in Cerebral
palsy, and Dysarthria,
If child has post-natal CP with dysarthria, it is called developmental dysarthria.
Apraxia of speech - Answers A motor planning Disorder, that has an affect in speech sound
production.
Normal peripheral neuromuscular mechanism, however there is CNS damage to Broca's area.
In Adults it's usually due to stroke.
In Children it's Childhood Apraxia of Speech / Developmental Apraxia of Speech.
If a child has hearing loss, what type of problems will they exhibit? - Answers 1) omission of
initial and final consonants; /h/ substitutions.
2) many diphthong and vowel substitutions.
3) inappropriate prosody.
, 4) pitch to increase or decrease.
5) more frequent pauses.
6) epenthesis.
7) hyper nasality.
8) produce both consonants and vowels.
Omissions of Initial and Final Consonants & Hearing Loss - Answers When we are speaking in
normal prosodic conversation, we don't put a lot of emphasis on the last consonant, thus
children with chronic otitis media will delete these consonants. A lot of /h/ substitutions.
Inappropriate prosody & Hearing Loss - Answers This is due to pitch changes, child may not
hear the pitch changes.
Epenthesis & Hearing Loss - Answers May have a hard time with the consonant clusters, so they
are helping by adding the schwa to help break up the cluster.
Hypernasality & Hearing Loss - Answers Related to the velar pharyngeal closure. Children have a
harder time hearing those differences, so they have difficulty regulating opening & closing the
valve.
Ukrainetz & Spencer Research on Articulation & Language Skills Relationship - Answers many
children have problems with BOTH language and articulation/phonology:
children with speech sound disorders may use incomplete sentences, shorter utterances, and
less complex language.
Molecular Genetics - Answers Allows researchers to investigate the genes responsible for any
disease or disorder.
There is a genetic association. It may be 1 of the variables that cause speech acquisition
disorders.
Ukrainetz, T.A., and Spencer (2015) on Molecular Genetics - Answers has shown that there is a
broad, verbal heritable trait that can result in a speech, language, or reading disorder. Some
genes may affect speech and language. Language and speech disorders may occur alone or
together.
Tongue Thrust - Answers Also called reverse swallow.
Refers to a certain manner of swallowing and tongue placement in the oral cavity during rest.
Tongue should rest against the alveolar ridge.
Characteristics of Tongue Thrust - Answers 1) during swallowing, tongue comes forward-- tip is
