Final Study Guide Pt. 2 - MCB 246 Questions With
Complete Solutions
"calorigenic" effect Correct Answers • Cell consumes more
energy resulting in increased thermogenesis
• Is responsible for strong, immediate, and short-lived increase
in rate of cellular metabolism (BMR)
•TH specifically stimulates the synthesis of sodium-potassium
pumps in neurons, and the action of these additional ion pumps
generates heat. The rise in temperature is referred to as the
calorigenic effect.
3 primary steps in urine formation Correct Answers 1.
Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
Acromegaly Correct Answers ∙ Excessive growth hormone
production in an adult results in acromegaly instead of gigantism
because the epiphyseal plate is closed in an adult
∙ The individual does not grow in height, but the bones of the
face, hands, and feet enlarge and widen (appositional growth),
along with growth in cartilage
∙ May result from loss of feedback control of growth hormone at
either the hypothalamic or pituitary level, or it may develop
because of a GH-secreting tumor of the pituitary
Actions of thyroid hormones Correct Answers • Enter target
cells by transport system
,• Affect most cells in body
• Bind to receptors in
→ cytoplasm
→ surfaces of mitochondria
→ nucleus
• In children, it is essential to normal development of skeletal,
muscular, and nervous systems
• "calorigenic" effect
Addison's disease Correct Answers ∙ Involves insufficient
production of steroids (usually glucocorticoids and perhaps
mineralocorticoids) from the adrenal cortex
∙Can result from
→ Adrenal glands that were malformed during development
→ Impaired enzymatic pathways for steroid synthesis
→ Destruction of the adrenal gland (typically by an autoimmune
disorder that forms autoantibodies against the adrenal gland that
results in its destruction)
Adrenal (suprarenal) medulla Correct Answers • Produces
catecholamines
∙ epinephrine (adrenaline)
→ 75 to 80% of medullary secretions
∙ norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
→ 20 to 25% of medullary secretions
• both hormones (norepinephrine and epinephrine) circulate
within the blood and help prolong the fight-or-flight response,
which is caused by the activation of the sympathetic division
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
,→ Primary Target Organ/Tissue
→ Primary Function Correct Answers → Primary Target
Organ/Tissue: adrenal cortex
→ Primary Function: stimulates adrenal cortex to release
corticosteroids (eg, cortisol)
Afferent arterioles Correct Answers Supplies blood to a
glomerulus
afferent/efferent arterioles Correct Answers ∙ Sympathetic
nerves extend from the T10-T12 segments of the spinal cord to
the blood vessels of the kidney, including the afferent and
efferent arterioles
∙ Blood enters the glomerulus by an afferent arteriole and exits
by an efferent arteriole
Alcohol Correct Answers inhibits ADH synthesis
Aldosterone Correct Answers •a steroid hormone produced by
the adrenal cortex
•enters principal cells to bind with intracellular receptors to form
a hormone-receptor complex that stimulates protein synthesis of
Na+ channels and Na+/K+ pumps. These additional transport
proteins become embedded in the plasma membranes of
principal cells and Na+ reabsorption increases
•binds to receptors within principal cells, increasing the number
of both Na+ channels and Na+/K+ pumps
•an increase in urine volume = decrease aldosterone
•a decrease in urine volume = increase in aldosterone
, •hormonal regulation of Na+ excreted in the urine occurs
through aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide hormones in
the CT and CD
Anterior Pituitary Correct Answers ∙ Portal vessels transport
hormones of hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
→ Blood vessels link two capillary networks
→ Entire complex is portal system
- Ensures that regulatory factors reach intended target cells
before entering general circulation
anterior pituitary synthesizes and releases Correct Answers ∙
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
∙ prolactin (PRL)
∙ follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
∙ luteinizing hormone (LH)
∙ adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
∙ growth hormone (GH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
→ Primary Target Organ/Tissue
→ Primary Function Correct Answers → Primary Target
Organ/Tissue: kidney; hypothalamus (thirst center); blood
vessels
→ Primary Function: Stimulates the kidneys to decrease urine
output and the thirst center to increase fluid intake when the
body is dehydrated; in high doses, ADH is a vasoconstrictor
(thus, it is also called vasopressin)
Complete Solutions
"calorigenic" effect Correct Answers • Cell consumes more
energy resulting in increased thermogenesis
• Is responsible for strong, immediate, and short-lived increase
in rate of cellular metabolism (BMR)
•TH specifically stimulates the synthesis of sodium-potassium
pumps in neurons, and the action of these additional ion pumps
generates heat. The rise in temperature is referred to as the
calorigenic effect.
3 primary steps in urine formation Correct Answers 1.
Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
Acromegaly Correct Answers ∙ Excessive growth hormone
production in an adult results in acromegaly instead of gigantism
because the epiphyseal plate is closed in an adult
∙ The individual does not grow in height, but the bones of the
face, hands, and feet enlarge and widen (appositional growth),
along with growth in cartilage
∙ May result from loss of feedback control of growth hormone at
either the hypothalamic or pituitary level, or it may develop
because of a GH-secreting tumor of the pituitary
Actions of thyroid hormones Correct Answers • Enter target
cells by transport system
,• Affect most cells in body
• Bind to receptors in
→ cytoplasm
→ surfaces of mitochondria
→ nucleus
• In children, it is essential to normal development of skeletal,
muscular, and nervous systems
• "calorigenic" effect
Addison's disease Correct Answers ∙ Involves insufficient
production of steroids (usually glucocorticoids and perhaps
mineralocorticoids) from the adrenal cortex
∙Can result from
→ Adrenal glands that were malformed during development
→ Impaired enzymatic pathways for steroid synthesis
→ Destruction of the adrenal gland (typically by an autoimmune
disorder that forms autoantibodies against the adrenal gland that
results in its destruction)
Adrenal (suprarenal) medulla Correct Answers • Produces
catecholamines
∙ epinephrine (adrenaline)
→ 75 to 80% of medullary secretions
∙ norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
→ 20 to 25% of medullary secretions
• both hormones (norepinephrine and epinephrine) circulate
within the blood and help prolong the fight-or-flight response,
which is caused by the activation of the sympathetic division
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
,→ Primary Target Organ/Tissue
→ Primary Function Correct Answers → Primary Target
Organ/Tissue: adrenal cortex
→ Primary Function: stimulates adrenal cortex to release
corticosteroids (eg, cortisol)
Afferent arterioles Correct Answers Supplies blood to a
glomerulus
afferent/efferent arterioles Correct Answers ∙ Sympathetic
nerves extend from the T10-T12 segments of the spinal cord to
the blood vessels of the kidney, including the afferent and
efferent arterioles
∙ Blood enters the glomerulus by an afferent arteriole and exits
by an efferent arteriole
Alcohol Correct Answers inhibits ADH synthesis
Aldosterone Correct Answers •a steroid hormone produced by
the adrenal cortex
•enters principal cells to bind with intracellular receptors to form
a hormone-receptor complex that stimulates protein synthesis of
Na+ channels and Na+/K+ pumps. These additional transport
proteins become embedded in the plasma membranes of
principal cells and Na+ reabsorption increases
•binds to receptors within principal cells, increasing the number
of both Na+ channels and Na+/K+ pumps
•an increase in urine volume = decrease aldosterone
•a decrease in urine volume = increase in aldosterone
, •hormonal regulation of Na+ excreted in the urine occurs
through aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide hormones in
the CT and CD
Anterior Pituitary Correct Answers ∙ Portal vessels transport
hormones of hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
→ Blood vessels link two capillary networks
→ Entire complex is portal system
- Ensures that regulatory factors reach intended target cells
before entering general circulation
anterior pituitary synthesizes and releases Correct Answers ∙
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
∙ prolactin (PRL)
∙ follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
∙ luteinizing hormone (LH)
∙ adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
∙ growth hormone (GH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
→ Primary Target Organ/Tissue
→ Primary Function Correct Answers → Primary Target
Organ/Tissue: kidney; hypothalamus (thirst center); blood
vessels
→ Primary Function: Stimulates the kidneys to decrease urine
output and the thirst center to increase fluid intake when the
body is dehydrated; in high doses, ADH is a vasoconstrictor
(thus, it is also called vasopressin)
