MTTC ESL STUDY GUIDE LATEST
UPDATED
1st stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-between 6-8 months
babbling stage
child makes repetitive patterns of sound with mouth
2nd stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-one-word stage
9-18 months
child makes basic word stems and single open-class words
3rd stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-two-word stage
18-24 months
child begins making miniature sentences with simple semantic relations
4th stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-early telegraph stage (multiword/morpheme
stage)
24-30 months
child begins to express sentence structures with lexical rather than functional or
grammatical morphemes
5th stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-later multiword stage
30+ months
characteristic grammatical or functional structures of the primary language emerge and
are incorporated
Behavioralist Model - ANS-B.F Skinner
-individuals learn language as direct response to stimuli
-patterns of language produce certain activities in external world and individual develops
response to those stimuli
-problems with this theory=
*creation of language is improvisionary
*linguistic response does not always elicit clear or recognizable rewards, which
suggests it would be difficult for a child to have his responses reinforced.
Nativist Model - ANS-Noam Chomsky
-attempts to explain how people are able to understand and produce infinite number of
linguistic expressions
-asserts that individuals are born w/ a universal grammar wired into their brains, which
they use as a template for language acquisition.
, -principles of language are innate and parameters of each language are acquired in first
few years of life.
-theory present in contemporary thought
Vygotsky - ANS-sociocultural theory states that learning begins as a result of
interpersonal communication and then is internalized as intrapersonal
-coined phrase "zone of proximal development"
(difference b/t what a person knows & what they could know w/ a bit of assistance from
someone else)
Bronfenbrenner - ANS--his ecological model describes development in terms of four
nested levels:
(1) microsystem
(child's immediate environment)
(2) mesosystem (interactions between components of the microsystem)
(3) exosystem (more general elements of child's environment)
(4) macrosystem (overarching cultural influences, like cultural beliefs)
Steven Pinker - ANS--theorist on human language acquisition
-added to chomsky's ideas that human beings are born with an innate capacity learning
and understanding language.
-argued the cause of this was millions of years of evolution.
-language= increase of chance of survival
Jim Cummins - ANS--coined Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS)
-coined Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS) - ANS-use of language in informal and
social settings
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ANS-use of language in the
classroom
Cognitive Model - ANS--developed by Piaget
-individuals develop linguistic skills in order to control theri enviroment
1st Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget) - ANS-sensorimotor intelligence
(zero to two years)
child learns to physically handle objects of the outside world
Dell Hymes - ANS-sociolinguist primarily concerned with interactions between
language, society, and cultural context
SPEAKING pneumonic characteristics of discourse - ANS-Setting and Scene
Participants
Ends
Act Sequence
UPDATED
1st stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-between 6-8 months
babbling stage
child makes repetitive patterns of sound with mouth
2nd stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-one-word stage
9-18 months
child makes basic word stems and single open-class words
3rd stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-two-word stage
18-24 months
child begins making miniature sentences with simple semantic relations
4th stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-early telegraph stage (multiword/morpheme
stage)
24-30 months
child begins to express sentence structures with lexical rather than functional or
grammatical morphemes
5th stage of first-language aquisition - ANS-later multiword stage
30+ months
characteristic grammatical or functional structures of the primary language emerge and
are incorporated
Behavioralist Model - ANS-B.F Skinner
-individuals learn language as direct response to stimuli
-patterns of language produce certain activities in external world and individual develops
response to those stimuli
-problems with this theory=
*creation of language is improvisionary
*linguistic response does not always elicit clear or recognizable rewards, which
suggests it would be difficult for a child to have his responses reinforced.
Nativist Model - ANS-Noam Chomsky
-attempts to explain how people are able to understand and produce infinite number of
linguistic expressions
-asserts that individuals are born w/ a universal grammar wired into their brains, which
they use as a template for language acquisition.
, -principles of language are innate and parameters of each language are acquired in first
few years of life.
-theory present in contemporary thought
Vygotsky - ANS-sociocultural theory states that learning begins as a result of
interpersonal communication and then is internalized as intrapersonal
-coined phrase "zone of proximal development"
(difference b/t what a person knows & what they could know w/ a bit of assistance from
someone else)
Bronfenbrenner - ANS--his ecological model describes development in terms of four
nested levels:
(1) microsystem
(child's immediate environment)
(2) mesosystem (interactions between components of the microsystem)
(3) exosystem (more general elements of child's environment)
(4) macrosystem (overarching cultural influences, like cultural beliefs)
Steven Pinker - ANS--theorist on human language acquisition
-added to chomsky's ideas that human beings are born with an innate capacity learning
and understanding language.
-argued the cause of this was millions of years of evolution.
-language= increase of chance of survival
Jim Cummins - ANS--coined Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS)
-coined Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS) - ANS-use of language in informal and
social settings
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ANS-use of language in the
classroom
Cognitive Model - ANS--developed by Piaget
-individuals develop linguistic skills in order to control theri enviroment
1st Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget) - ANS-sensorimotor intelligence
(zero to two years)
child learns to physically handle objects of the outside world
Dell Hymes - ANS-sociolinguist primarily concerned with interactions between
language, society, and cultural context
SPEAKING pneumonic characteristics of discourse - ANS-Setting and Scene
Participants
Ends
Act Sequence
