GALEN NUR 242 MED-SURG EXAM 2 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What factors facilitate the development of pneumonia? Answer:
an exceedingly virulent organism;
a large inoculum (exposed to a lot of that organism);
impaired host defenses (chronic lung disease, HIV, elderly);
present in a lot of hospitalized patients
◉ What are the common causes of community acquired pneumonia?
Answer: streptococus pneumoniae;
mycoplasma pneumonia;
haemophilus influenzae
◉ What is the mortality rate of community acquired pneumonia?
Answer: 1-25%
◉ What are the common causes of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Answer: pseudomonas;
other gram negative organisms;
staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
,◉ What is the mortality rate of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Answer: 20-50%
◉ What are the risk factors of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Answer: mechanical ventilation;
chronic lung disease;
advanced age;
ICU;
extended hospitalization
◉ What are the stages of pneumococcal pneumonia? Answer: 1)
congestion- purulent fluid collecting in alveoli and bronchioles;
2) red hepatization- lungs start to appear like liver tissue (dark red)
and consolidation (becomes semi-solid);
3) gray hepatization- lungs turn a grey appearance;
4) resolution- several weeks to months
◉ What are some complications of pneumonia? Answer: pleurisy-
inflammation of the pleural membrane;
pleural effusion- fluid in the pleural space, comprises lung space;
abscess- pocket of purulent tissue in the lungs;
empyema- purulent tissue in the pleural space;
meningitis- bacteria gets into bloodstream;
,endocarditis
◉ What are some diagnostic studies for pneumonia? Answer: chest
x-ray;
sputum culture;
ABG's/pulse oximetry;
CBC;
blood cultures- suspicion of septicemia
◉ What is tuberculosis? Answer: infection caused by the
mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria;
transmitted airborne and spreads from the blood and lymphs to the
lungs;
the body forms granulomas to try and contain the infection which
leads to caseous necrosis and formation of tubercles;
may remain dormant for many years
◉ What are the manifestations of tuberculosis? Answer: latent=
asymptomatic;
active= cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, anorexia
◉ What are some complications of TB? Answer: miliary TB
(disseminated all over the body);
, pleural effusion;
tuberculosis pneumonia;
involvement of other organs (kidneys, liver)
◉ What are some diagnostic studies used for TB? Answer:
tuberculin skin testing;
chest x-ray;
sputum smear for AFB;
sputum culture
◉ What is severe acute respiratory syndrome? Answer: a severe
form of pneumonia caused by a coronavirus;
transmitted person-to-person contact, droplets, and touching
objects
◉ How long is the incubation period for acute respiratory
syndrome? Answer: 4-6 days
◉ What is the mortality rate for acute respiratory syndrome?
Answer: 10%
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome?
Answer: fever;
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What factors facilitate the development of pneumonia? Answer:
an exceedingly virulent organism;
a large inoculum (exposed to a lot of that organism);
impaired host defenses (chronic lung disease, HIV, elderly);
present in a lot of hospitalized patients
◉ What are the common causes of community acquired pneumonia?
Answer: streptococus pneumoniae;
mycoplasma pneumonia;
haemophilus influenzae
◉ What is the mortality rate of community acquired pneumonia?
Answer: 1-25%
◉ What are the common causes of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Answer: pseudomonas;
other gram negative organisms;
staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
,◉ What is the mortality rate of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Answer: 20-50%
◉ What are the risk factors of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Answer: mechanical ventilation;
chronic lung disease;
advanced age;
ICU;
extended hospitalization
◉ What are the stages of pneumococcal pneumonia? Answer: 1)
congestion- purulent fluid collecting in alveoli and bronchioles;
2) red hepatization- lungs start to appear like liver tissue (dark red)
and consolidation (becomes semi-solid);
3) gray hepatization- lungs turn a grey appearance;
4) resolution- several weeks to months
◉ What are some complications of pneumonia? Answer: pleurisy-
inflammation of the pleural membrane;
pleural effusion- fluid in the pleural space, comprises lung space;
abscess- pocket of purulent tissue in the lungs;
empyema- purulent tissue in the pleural space;
meningitis- bacteria gets into bloodstream;
,endocarditis
◉ What are some diagnostic studies for pneumonia? Answer: chest
x-ray;
sputum culture;
ABG's/pulse oximetry;
CBC;
blood cultures- suspicion of septicemia
◉ What is tuberculosis? Answer: infection caused by the
mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria;
transmitted airborne and spreads from the blood and lymphs to the
lungs;
the body forms granulomas to try and contain the infection which
leads to caseous necrosis and formation of tubercles;
may remain dormant for many years
◉ What are the manifestations of tuberculosis? Answer: latent=
asymptomatic;
active= cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, anorexia
◉ What are some complications of TB? Answer: miliary TB
(disseminated all over the body);
, pleural effusion;
tuberculosis pneumonia;
involvement of other organs (kidneys, liver)
◉ What are some diagnostic studies used for TB? Answer:
tuberculin skin testing;
chest x-ray;
sputum smear for AFB;
sputum culture
◉ What is severe acute respiratory syndrome? Answer: a severe
form of pneumonia caused by a coronavirus;
transmitted person-to-person contact, droplets, and touching
objects
◉ How long is the incubation period for acute respiratory
syndrome? Answer: 4-6 days
◉ What is the mortality rate for acute respiratory syndrome?
Answer: 10%
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome?
Answer: fever;
