Intro to Sociology Midterm Study Guide Exam QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS 2025(GRADED A+) DETAILED ANSWERS!!
A behavior, style, or idea that is more permanent and often begins as a fad. (p.
53) - ✔✔fashion
A complex framework composed of both patterned social interactions and
institutions that together organize social life and provide the context for
individual action. (p. 63) - ✔✔social structure
A culture's most basic values, which are passed on to children beginning in
earliest infancy. (p. 135) - ✔✔primary socialization
A deviant act that lawmakers consider bad enough to warrant formal laws and
sanctions. (p. 162) - ✔✔crime
A feeling of disorientation when the cultural markers that we rely on to help us
know where we are and how to act have suddenly changed. (p. 36) - ✔✔culture
shock
A fixed and permanent social structure based on mutual obligation, in which
peasants worked the estates belonging to a small group of feudal lords, who fed
and protected them. A peasant's only avenue to social advancement was to
enter a convent or monastery. (p. 187) - ✔✔feudalism
A fixed and permanent stratification system to which one is assigned at birth.
(p. 187) - ✔✔caste system
,A formal organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchy of
authority, formal rules governing behavior, a logic of rationality, and an
impersonality of criteria. (p. 84) - ✔✔bureaucracy
A generalization about a group that is oversimplified, selective, exaggerated,
and usually pejorative, which fails to acknowledge the individual differences in a
group. (p. 78) - ✔✔stereotype
A global problem that afflicts half the world's population, the term for people
who are so poor they do not have the ability to sustain their lives and lack the
most basic necessities like food and shelter. (p. 198) - ✔✔absolute poverty
A group of people sharing the same social position in society; it is based on
income, power, and prestige. (p. 187) - ✔✔class
A group of two people, the smallest configuration defined by sociologists as a
group. (p. 71) - ✔✔dyad
A measure of the extent to which a household's financial resources fall below an
average income threshold for that economy. (p. 198) - ✔✔relative poverty
A model of social change that saw each succeeding society as developing
through evolution and the "survival of the fittest". "States that each succeeding
society is seen as an improvement of the one before it." (p. 19) - ✔✔social
Darwinism
, A person's abilities to have access to material goods (food and shelter) and
social resources (health care, education) that together control the quality of life.
(p. 191) - ✔✔life chances
A position that all cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own
members. (p. 38) - ✔✔cultural relativism
A set of processes leading to the development of patterns of economic, cultural,
and social relationships that transcend geographical boundaries; a widening,
deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of
contemporary life. (p. 24) - ✔✔globalization
A testable prediction for an event or phenomenon that assumes a relationship
between two or more variables. (p. 112) - ✔✔hypothesis
A testing process that is performed under controlled conditions to examine the
validity of a hypothesis. (p. 100) - ✔✔experiment
A theoretical approach that streses the competition for scarce resources and
unequal distribution of those resources based on social status, such as class,
race, gender, etc. "A theory that suggests the dynamics of society, both of social
order and social resistance are the result of conflict among different groups." (p.
23) - ✔✔conflict theory
A type of field method in which the researcher inserts him- or herself into the
daily world of the people he or she is trying to study to understand the events
from the point of view of the actors themselves. (p. 102) - ✔✔ethnography
ANSWERS 2025(GRADED A+) DETAILED ANSWERS!!
A behavior, style, or idea that is more permanent and often begins as a fad. (p.
53) - ✔✔fashion
A complex framework composed of both patterned social interactions and
institutions that together organize social life and provide the context for
individual action. (p. 63) - ✔✔social structure
A culture's most basic values, which are passed on to children beginning in
earliest infancy. (p. 135) - ✔✔primary socialization
A deviant act that lawmakers consider bad enough to warrant formal laws and
sanctions. (p. 162) - ✔✔crime
A feeling of disorientation when the cultural markers that we rely on to help us
know where we are and how to act have suddenly changed. (p. 36) - ✔✔culture
shock
A fixed and permanent social structure based on mutual obligation, in which
peasants worked the estates belonging to a small group of feudal lords, who fed
and protected them. A peasant's only avenue to social advancement was to
enter a convent or monastery. (p. 187) - ✔✔feudalism
A fixed and permanent stratification system to which one is assigned at birth.
(p. 187) - ✔✔caste system
,A formal organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchy of
authority, formal rules governing behavior, a logic of rationality, and an
impersonality of criteria. (p. 84) - ✔✔bureaucracy
A generalization about a group that is oversimplified, selective, exaggerated,
and usually pejorative, which fails to acknowledge the individual differences in a
group. (p. 78) - ✔✔stereotype
A global problem that afflicts half the world's population, the term for people
who are so poor they do not have the ability to sustain their lives and lack the
most basic necessities like food and shelter. (p. 198) - ✔✔absolute poverty
A group of people sharing the same social position in society; it is based on
income, power, and prestige. (p. 187) - ✔✔class
A group of two people, the smallest configuration defined by sociologists as a
group. (p. 71) - ✔✔dyad
A measure of the extent to which a household's financial resources fall below an
average income threshold for that economy. (p. 198) - ✔✔relative poverty
A model of social change that saw each succeeding society as developing
through evolution and the "survival of the fittest". "States that each succeeding
society is seen as an improvement of the one before it." (p. 19) - ✔✔social
Darwinism
, A person's abilities to have access to material goods (food and shelter) and
social resources (health care, education) that together control the quality of life.
(p. 191) - ✔✔life chances
A position that all cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own
members. (p. 38) - ✔✔cultural relativism
A set of processes leading to the development of patterns of economic, cultural,
and social relationships that transcend geographical boundaries; a widening,
deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of
contemporary life. (p. 24) - ✔✔globalization
A testable prediction for an event or phenomenon that assumes a relationship
between two or more variables. (p. 112) - ✔✔hypothesis
A testing process that is performed under controlled conditions to examine the
validity of a hypothesis. (p. 100) - ✔✔experiment
A theoretical approach that streses the competition for scarce resources and
unequal distribution of those resources based on social status, such as class,
race, gender, etc. "A theory that suggests the dynamics of society, both of social
order and social resistance are the result of conflict among different groups." (p.
23) - ✔✔conflict theory
A type of field method in which the researcher inserts him- or herself into the
daily world of the people he or she is trying to study to understand the events
from the point of view of the actors themselves. (p. 102) - ✔✔ethnography
