BYU Cell 220 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
What are the three types of muscle tissue? - Answers Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
What are the properties of muscle tissue? - Answers Excitability, Contractility, Elasticity, and
Extensability
Where is cardiac muscle found? - Answers The Myocardium of the Heart
What are the Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle? - Answers Branches Fibers, 1 or 2 nuclei,
Intercalated discs, Striations, auto-rhythmic, Involuntary
Where is smooth muscle found? - Answers Walls of visceral organs
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? - Answers Fusiform shape, 1 nucleus, no
striations, involuntary, fatigue-resistant
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? - Answers Large, Cylindrical, many nuclei,
striated, voluntary, vascular, innervated at neuromuscular junctions, formed from fusion of
myoblasts
What are the functions of skeletal muscle? - Answers Movement, posture maintenance,
temperature regulation, storage of materials (amino acids and glycogen), movement of
materials, support abdominal organs, joint stabilization
The endomysium wraps... - Answers Muscle fibers
The perimysium wraps... - Answers Fascicles
The epimysium wraps... - Answers Entire muscles
Deep fascia wraps... - Answers Muscle groups
What is the order of skeletal muscle organization from smallest to largest? - Answers
Myosin/Actin proteins, thick/thin filaments, myofibril, myofiber, fascicle, muscle, muscle group
Collagen fibers of endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are __________ with tendons -
Answers Continuous
What wraps a muscle fiber? - Answers The Sarcolemma
Tendons connect muscles to... - Answers Bones or skin
An aponeurosis is a... - Answers Flat tendon
Testosterone makes muscle fibers... - Answers Wider and thicker
Where is skeletal muscle found? - Answers Connected to the skeleton
,What does actin do? - Answers Contracts muscle (acts)
What does myosin do? - Answers Binds to ATP
How do z lines move? - Answers Closer together. In toward M line.
What do troponin and tropomyosin do to aid muscle movement? - Answers Make a complex
allowing actin to slide
Actin is a _____ filament - Answers Thin
Myosin is the _________ filament - Answers Thick
M lines are - Answers Anchors, immobile
Action potential occurs at the... - Answers Neuromuscular junction
The Terminal Cisternae... - Answers Hold nutrients (mostly calcium)
What is the process of muscle contraction? - Answers 1. An action potential arrives at the
neuromuscular junction. 2. ACh is released, binds to receptors, and opens sodium ion channels.
3. Action potential travels along the t-tubules. 4. Calcium reacts with the troponin/tropomyosin
complex, affecting actin first. 5. Actin twists, Myosin slides. 6. The muscle shortens and
produces tension.
What is the process of muscle relaxation? - Answers 1. Calcium is reabsorbed (ATP is required),
triggered by a lack of excitability. 2. Interaction between thick and thin filaments relax. 3.
Muscles lengthen and relax.
What is a parallel fascicle arrangement? - Answers Fibers run parallel to the long axis of the
muscle (Ex: Rectus abdominis)
What is a circular fascicle arrangement? - Answers Fibers form concentric rings (Ex: Orbicularis
oculi)
What is a convergent fascicle arrangement? - Answers The origin of the muscle is broad, and
the fascicles converge toward the insertion (Ex: Pectoralis major)
What does pennate mean? - Answers Means feathered. The fascicles are obliquely attached to
the tendon. There are three types.
What is a bipennate arrangement? - Answers There are two angles of pennation, usually
towards a center point (Ex: Rectus Femoris)
What is a unipennate arrangement? - Answers There is only one angle of pennation (Ex:
Extensor digitorum)
What is a multipennate arrangement? - Answers A muscle with multiple angles of pennation. (Ex:
, Deltoid)
Muscles can be named after... - Answers Actions (Ex: Supinator, Plexor pollicis longus), Regions
of the Body (Ex: Rectus femoris), Attachments (Ex: Sternocleidomastoid), Orientations (External
obliques), Shapes (Ex: Quadratus femoris), Sizes (Ex: Gluteus Maximus), or the number of heads
(Ex: Triceps brachii).
What is the origin of a muscle? - Answers The less mobile attachment site
What is the insertion of a muscle? - Answers The more mobile attachment site
What is an agonist muscle? - Answers Muscle that contracts during movement. The prime
mover.
What is an antagonist muscle? - Answers A muscle that relaxes during movement. The opposite
of the agonist, usually performing the opposite action.
What is a synergistic muscle? - Answers Muscle that assists the prime mover muscle
What is a fixator muscle? - Answers Muscle that stabilizes other muscles
Flexión makes an angle... - Answers Smaller
Extension makes an angle... - Answers Larger
Abduction moves... - Answers Away from the midline. It "abducts" the limb
Addiction moves... - Answers Toward the midline. It "adds" to the body.
Circumduction is... - Answers A circular movement
Dorsiflexion is... - Answers Flexing the foot up
Plantar flexion is... - Answers Pointing the toes down
Inversion is... - Answers Twisting the foot in toward the medial line
Eversion is... - Answers Twisting the foot out away from the medial line
Pronation is... - Answers Flipping the hand so the palm faces down. (Dumping out soup) Radius
rotates over ulna.
Supination is... - Answers Anatomical position (Can hold soup). Radius and ulna are parallel.
Opposition is... - Answers Touching the index finger and thumb together
Retraction is... - Answers Pulling the chin back toward the spine
Protraction is... - Answers Pushing the chin forward away from the spine
What are the three types of muscle tissue? - Answers Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
What are the properties of muscle tissue? - Answers Excitability, Contractility, Elasticity, and
Extensability
Where is cardiac muscle found? - Answers The Myocardium of the Heart
What are the Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle? - Answers Branches Fibers, 1 or 2 nuclei,
Intercalated discs, Striations, auto-rhythmic, Involuntary
Where is smooth muscle found? - Answers Walls of visceral organs
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? - Answers Fusiform shape, 1 nucleus, no
striations, involuntary, fatigue-resistant
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? - Answers Large, Cylindrical, many nuclei,
striated, voluntary, vascular, innervated at neuromuscular junctions, formed from fusion of
myoblasts
What are the functions of skeletal muscle? - Answers Movement, posture maintenance,
temperature regulation, storage of materials (amino acids and glycogen), movement of
materials, support abdominal organs, joint stabilization
The endomysium wraps... - Answers Muscle fibers
The perimysium wraps... - Answers Fascicles
The epimysium wraps... - Answers Entire muscles
Deep fascia wraps... - Answers Muscle groups
What is the order of skeletal muscle organization from smallest to largest? - Answers
Myosin/Actin proteins, thick/thin filaments, myofibril, myofiber, fascicle, muscle, muscle group
Collagen fibers of endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are __________ with tendons -
Answers Continuous
What wraps a muscle fiber? - Answers The Sarcolemma
Tendons connect muscles to... - Answers Bones or skin
An aponeurosis is a... - Answers Flat tendon
Testosterone makes muscle fibers... - Answers Wider and thicker
Where is skeletal muscle found? - Answers Connected to the skeleton
,What does actin do? - Answers Contracts muscle (acts)
What does myosin do? - Answers Binds to ATP
How do z lines move? - Answers Closer together. In toward M line.
What do troponin and tropomyosin do to aid muscle movement? - Answers Make a complex
allowing actin to slide
Actin is a _____ filament - Answers Thin
Myosin is the _________ filament - Answers Thick
M lines are - Answers Anchors, immobile
Action potential occurs at the... - Answers Neuromuscular junction
The Terminal Cisternae... - Answers Hold nutrients (mostly calcium)
What is the process of muscle contraction? - Answers 1. An action potential arrives at the
neuromuscular junction. 2. ACh is released, binds to receptors, and opens sodium ion channels.
3. Action potential travels along the t-tubules. 4. Calcium reacts with the troponin/tropomyosin
complex, affecting actin first. 5. Actin twists, Myosin slides. 6. The muscle shortens and
produces tension.
What is the process of muscle relaxation? - Answers 1. Calcium is reabsorbed (ATP is required),
triggered by a lack of excitability. 2. Interaction between thick and thin filaments relax. 3.
Muscles lengthen and relax.
What is a parallel fascicle arrangement? - Answers Fibers run parallel to the long axis of the
muscle (Ex: Rectus abdominis)
What is a circular fascicle arrangement? - Answers Fibers form concentric rings (Ex: Orbicularis
oculi)
What is a convergent fascicle arrangement? - Answers The origin of the muscle is broad, and
the fascicles converge toward the insertion (Ex: Pectoralis major)
What does pennate mean? - Answers Means feathered. The fascicles are obliquely attached to
the tendon. There are three types.
What is a bipennate arrangement? - Answers There are two angles of pennation, usually
towards a center point (Ex: Rectus Femoris)
What is a unipennate arrangement? - Answers There is only one angle of pennation (Ex:
Extensor digitorum)
What is a multipennate arrangement? - Answers A muscle with multiple angles of pennation. (Ex:
, Deltoid)
Muscles can be named after... - Answers Actions (Ex: Supinator, Plexor pollicis longus), Regions
of the Body (Ex: Rectus femoris), Attachments (Ex: Sternocleidomastoid), Orientations (External
obliques), Shapes (Ex: Quadratus femoris), Sizes (Ex: Gluteus Maximus), or the number of heads
(Ex: Triceps brachii).
What is the origin of a muscle? - Answers The less mobile attachment site
What is the insertion of a muscle? - Answers The more mobile attachment site
What is an agonist muscle? - Answers Muscle that contracts during movement. The prime
mover.
What is an antagonist muscle? - Answers A muscle that relaxes during movement. The opposite
of the agonist, usually performing the opposite action.
What is a synergistic muscle? - Answers Muscle that assists the prime mover muscle
What is a fixator muscle? - Answers Muscle that stabilizes other muscles
Flexión makes an angle... - Answers Smaller
Extension makes an angle... - Answers Larger
Abduction moves... - Answers Away from the midline. It "abducts" the limb
Addiction moves... - Answers Toward the midline. It "adds" to the body.
Circumduction is... - Answers A circular movement
Dorsiflexion is... - Answers Flexing the foot up
Plantar flexion is... - Answers Pointing the toes down
Inversion is... - Answers Twisting the foot in toward the medial line
Eversion is... - Answers Twisting the foot out away from the medial line
Pronation is... - Answers Flipping the hand so the palm faces down. (Dumping out soup) Radius
rotates over ulna.
Supination is... - Answers Anatomical position (Can hold soup). Radius and ulna are parallel.
Opposition is... - Answers Touching the index finger and thumb together
Retraction is... - Answers Pulling the chin back toward the spine
Protraction is... - Answers Pushing the chin forward away from the spine
