RD Exam Vitamins/Minerals Questions
and Answers
Vitamin A (properties) - ANSWER-Fat-soluble, stored in liver
Carotene-precursor, provitamin (nutrient changed into vitamin) converted in intestinal
mucosal cells
Toxic level 10,000 IU
Vitamin A (less common sources) - ANSWER-Fish, liver, fortified skim milk
Vitamin A (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-Night blindness, nyctalopia, is reversible
(detected using dark adaptation test)
Xerophthalmia - corneal damage, not reversible
Dry, scaly skin (hyperkeratosis)
Vitamin D (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-Soft bones-rickets, osteomalacia (adults)
Vitamin E (properties) - ANSWER-Tocopherol
One of the least toxic vitamins
UL 1000 mgs
Vitamin E (function) - ANSWER-Antioxidant
Resists hemolysis of RBC
Vitamin K (properties) - ANSWER-Synthesized by bacteria in lower intestinal tract
No toxicity symptoms
Vitamin K status is affected by: - ANSWER-Anticoagulants
Vitamin B1 (properties) - ANSWER-Thiamin; water soluble
Lost as temp or pH rises (becomes more alkaline)
Heat stable in acid
Vitamin B1 (function) - ANSWER-*Oxidation of CHO
(^CHO ^need)
Metabolism of pyruvate
Vitamin B1 (less common source) - ANSWER-Pork
Vitamin B1 (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-*Beriberi, memory loss, tachycardia
*Increased plasma pyruvate
, Muscle weakness, foot drop
Decreased erythrocyte transketolase
Vitamin B2 (properties) - ANSWER-Riboflavin
*Lost in UV light (why milk is not in translucent bottles)
Vitamin B2 (sources) - ANSWER-Liver, kidney, meat, milk (mostly all animal sources)
Vitamin B2 (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-*Magenta tongue
Growth failure
Cheilosis-cracked lips
Angular stomatitis-mouth corner cracks
Niacin (properties) - ANSWER-Precursor: tryptophan
Niacin (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-*Bright, red tongue
*Symmetrical, pigmented rash in sunlight
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
Pellagra
Folate (functions) - ANSWER-DNA synthesis
Forms RBC in bone marrow
*Prevents neural tube defects
Folate (properties) - ANSWER-Water-soluble PABA (para-amino benzoic acid) is a
precursor
Folate (sources) - ANSWER-Liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils,
beans, fortified cereals
Folate (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
Diarrhea, fatigue
Pyridoxine/B6 (properties) - ANSWER-INH (isoniazid), a B6 antagonist, treats TB, and
is therefore associated with a B6 deficiency
Pyridoxine/B6 (functions) - ANSWER-*Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism:
deamination, transamination
*High protein = increased pyridoxine demand
Pyridoxine/B6 (sources) - ANSWER-Meat, wheat, *corn, *yeast, pork, liver, ready-to-eat
cereals
Pyridoxine/B6 (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-Seizures, anemia, dermatitits, glossitis,
peripheral neuropathy
and Answers
Vitamin A (properties) - ANSWER-Fat-soluble, stored in liver
Carotene-precursor, provitamin (nutrient changed into vitamin) converted in intestinal
mucosal cells
Toxic level 10,000 IU
Vitamin A (less common sources) - ANSWER-Fish, liver, fortified skim milk
Vitamin A (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-Night blindness, nyctalopia, is reversible
(detected using dark adaptation test)
Xerophthalmia - corneal damage, not reversible
Dry, scaly skin (hyperkeratosis)
Vitamin D (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-Soft bones-rickets, osteomalacia (adults)
Vitamin E (properties) - ANSWER-Tocopherol
One of the least toxic vitamins
UL 1000 mgs
Vitamin E (function) - ANSWER-Antioxidant
Resists hemolysis of RBC
Vitamin K (properties) - ANSWER-Synthesized by bacteria in lower intestinal tract
No toxicity symptoms
Vitamin K status is affected by: - ANSWER-Anticoagulants
Vitamin B1 (properties) - ANSWER-Thiamin; water soluble
Lost as temp or pH rises (becomes more alkaline)
Heat stable in acid
Vitamin B1 (function) - ANSWER-*Oxidation of CHO
(^CHO ^need)
Metabolism of pyruvate
Vitamin B1 (less common source) - ANSWER-Pork
Vitamin B1 (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-*Beriberi, memory loss, tachycardia
*Increased plasma pyruvate
, Muscle weakness, foot drop
Decreased erythrocyte transketolase
Vitamin B2 (properties) - ANSWER-Riboflavin
*Lost in UV light (why milk is not in translucent bottles)
Vitamin B2 (sources) - ANSWER-Liver, kidney, meat, milk (mostly all animal sources)
Vitamin B2 (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-*Magenta tongue
Growth failure
Cheilosis-cracked lips
Angular stomatitis-mouth corner cracks
Niacin (properties) - ANSWER-Precursor: tryptophan
Niacin (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-*Bright, red tongue
*Symmetrical, pigmented rash in sunlight
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
Pellagra
Folate (functions) - ANSWER-DNA synthesis
Forms RBC in bone marrow
*Prevents neural tube defects
Folate (properties) - ANSWER-Water-soluble PABA (para-amino benzoic acid) is a
precursor
Folate (sources) - ANSWER-Liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils,
beans, fortified cereals
Folate (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
Diarrhea, fatigue
Pyridoxine/B6 (properties) - ANSWER-INH (isoniazid), a B6 antagonist, treats TB, and
is therefore associated with a B6 deficiency
Pyridoxine/B6 (functions) - ANSWER-*Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism:
deamination, transamination
*High protein = increased pyridoxine demand
Pyridoxine/B6 (sources) - ANSWER-Meat, wheat, *corn, *yeast, pork, liver, ready-to-eat
cereals
Pyridoxine/B6 (deficiency signs) - ANSWER-Seizures, anemia, dermatitits, glossitis,
peripheral neuropathy
