NSG 530 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Examples of passive immunity. Answer: IgA in breast milk,
maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct
injection of antibodies)
◉ Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation). Answer: 3.5-
5.0 mEq/L
◉ Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid).
Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
◉ Calcium value normal range. Answer: 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5
mEq/L
◉ Phosphate value normal range. Answer: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
◉ Magnesium value normal range. Answer: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
◉ Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in
blood). Answer: 23-30 mEq/L
,◉ Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L. Answer: hypokalemia
◉ Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L. Answer: Hyperkalemia
◉ Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L. Answer: hyponatremia /
hypernatremia
◉ Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L. Answer: hypernatremia
◉ condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL. Answer:
hypophophatemia
◉ Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL. Answer:
Hyperphosphatemia
◉ Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L. Answer: hypochloremia
◉ Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L. Answer: Hyperchloremia
◉ Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L. Answer:
hypomagnesemia
, ◉ Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L. Answer:
Hypermagesemia
◉ condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL. Answer: hypocalcemia
◉ condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL. Answer: hypercalcemia
◉ Pathophysiology. Answer: the study of abnormalities in
physiologic functioning of living beings
◉ Pathology. Answer: the study and diagnosis of disease through
examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
◉ Etiology. Answer: The study of the causes and origins of disease
◉ 4 topics of pathophysiology. Answer: etiology, pathogenesis,
clinical manifestations, treatment
◉ pathogenesis. Answer: development or evolution of a disease
◉ clinical manifestation. Answer: signs and symptoms or evidence
of disease
EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Examples of passive immunity. Answer: IgA in breast milk,
maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct
injection of antibodies)
◉ Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation). Answer: 3.5-
5.0 mEq/L
◉ Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid).
Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
◉ Calcium value normal range. Answer: 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5
mEq/L
◉ Phosphate value normal range. Answer: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
◉ Magnesium value normal range. Answer: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
◉ Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in
blood). Answer: 23-30 mEq/L
,◉ Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L. Answer: hypokalemia
◉ Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L. Answer: Hyperkalemia
◉ Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L. Answer: hyponatremia /
hypernatremia
◉ Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L. Answer: hypernatremia
◉ condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL. Answer:
hypophophatemia
◉ Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL. Answer:
Hyperphosphatemia
◉ Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L. Answer: hypochloremia
◉ Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L. Answer: Hyperchloremia
◉ Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L. Answer:
hypomagnesemia
, ◉ Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L. Answer:
Hypermagesemia
◉ condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL. Answer: hypocalcemia
◉ condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL. Answer: hypercalcemia
◉ Pathophysiology. Answer: the study of abnormalities in
physiologic functioning of living beings
◉ Pathology. Answer: the study and diagnosis of disease through
examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
◉ Etiology. Answer: The study of the causes and origins of disease
◉ 4 topics of pathophysiology. Answer: etiology, pathogenesis,
clinical manifestations, treatment
◉ pathogenesis. Answer: development or evolution of a disease
◉ clinical manifestation. Answer: signs and symptoms or evidence
of disease
