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Communicatiewetenschap

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Samenvatting over de hele cursus van het eerste jaars vak 'communicatiewetenschap' aan de KULeuven, gedoceerd door Steven Eggermont.

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December 10, 2025
Number of pages
73
Written in
2025/2026
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Steven eggermont
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Table of Contents
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding.............................................................................................. 5
Hoofdstuk 2: Basisconcepten en modellen............................................................... 6
1. Wat is communicatie? .............................................................................................. 6
1.1. 2 belangrijke perspectieven/stromingen .................................................................................6
1.2. Controversen en breekpunten ...............................................................................................7

2. Waarom procesanalyse? Elementen van communicatieproces .................................. 9
2.1. Bron/zender ..........................................................................................................................9
2.2. Ontvanger/bestemmeling ......................................................................................................9
2.3. Boodschap ...........................................................................................................................9
2.4. Signaal ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.5. Kanaal ................................................................................................................................ 10
2.6. Medium .............................................................................................................................. 10
2.7. Ruis .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.8. Feedback ........................................................................................................................... 12

3. Communicatiemodellen ..........................................................................................12
3.1. Communicatieformule van Lasswell (1948) .......................................................................... 12
3.2. Model van Shannon & Weaver (1949) ................................................................................... 12
3.3. DeFleurs uitwerking S&W (1970) .......................................................................................... 13
3.4. Osgood & Schramm (1954) .................................................................................................. 13
3.5. Spiraal van Dance (1967) ..................................................................................................... 13
3.6. Gerbners algemeen model (1956) ........................................................................................ 14
3.7. ABX-model van Newcomb (1953) ......................................................................................... 16
3.8. Westley & MacLean (1957)................................................................................................... 16
3.9. Maletzke: massacommunicatiemodel (1963) ....................................................................... 17
3.10. Ritueel model ..................................................................................................................... 17
3.11. Het aandachtsmodel van McQuail ....................................................................................... 18

Hoofdstuk 3: Verbale communicatie ....................................................................... 19
1. Kenmerken van ‘natuurlijke taal’ ..............................................................................19
1.1. Bestaat uit symbolen ........................................................................................................... 19
1.2. Is een kennisgeheel ............................................................................................................. 19
1.3. Bestaat uit regels en is ‘productief’ ...................................................................................... 19
1.4. Beïnvloedt ons beeld van de werkelijkheid............................................................................ 19
1.5. Vormen van taal .................................................................................................................. 20
1.6. Studie van taal .................................................................................................................... 20

2. De subsystemen van taal .........................................................................................21
2.1. Fonologie ........................................................................................................................... 21
2.2. Semantiek .......................................................................................................................... 21
2.3. Syntaxis .............................................................................................................................. 21



1

, 3. Pragmatiek..............................................................................................................21
4. Pragmatische stijlen en structuren ...........................................................................23
4.1. De conversatie .................................................................................................................... 23
4.2. Interactie binnen de klas ..................................................................................................... 23

5. Interactief discours: coherentie en structuur ............................................................23
5.1. De coördinatie van conversatiebijdragen .............................................................................. 23
5.2. Smalltalk ............................................................................................................................ 24

6. Taal en sociale identiteit ..........................................................................................25
7. Taal en culturele verschillen ....................................................................................25

Hoofdstuk 4: Non-verbale communicatie ................................................................ 26
1. Kenmerken van non-verbale communicatie ..............................................................26
1.1. Non-verbale communicatie kan onbedoeld zijn .................................................................... 26
1.2. Non-verbale communicatie bestaat uit verschillende codes ................................................. 26
1.3. Non-verbale communicatie is onmiddellijk, continu en natuurlijk .......................................... 26
1.4. Non-verbale communicatie is zowel universeel als cultureel ................................................. 26

2. Voor welke soort informatie is non-verbale communicatie belangrijk? .......................27
4.1. Verbale versus non-verbale communicatie ........................................................................... 27

3. Kinesics ..................................................................................................................27
3.1. Soorten kinesics ................................................................................................................. 28

4. Proxemics ...............................................................................................................29
5. Haptics ...................................................................................................................30
6. Chronemics ............................................................................................................30
7. Fysieke kenmerken..................................................................................................30
8. De ‘taal’ van objecten ..............................................................................................31
9. Paralinguïstiek ........................................................................................................31
10. Hoe ziet non-verbale communicatie eruit in een online context? ...........................31

Hoofdstuk 7: Masscommunicatie: de mediaorganisatie ........................................... 32
1. Inleiding: kenmerken van massacommunicatie ........................................................32
1.1. De massamedia-organisatie ................................................................................................ 32

2. Organisationele benadering van nieuwsproductie.....................................................33
2.1. De inhoud van het nieuws .................................................................................................... 33
2.2. Organisatie-interne factoren die nieuwsinhoud beïnvloeden ................................................. 33
2.3. Organisatie – externe invloeden die nieuwsinhoud beïnvloeden ............................................. 39

3. Organisationale benadering van soapproductie ........................................................40
3.1. De inhoud van soap opera’s ................................................................................................. 40



2

, 3.2. Organisatie interne drukkingen die inhoud van soaps beïnvloeden ........................................ 41
3.3. Organisatie-externe drukkingen die inhoud van soaps beïnvloeden ....................................... 42

Hoofdstuk 8: Massacommunicatie: de inhoud ......................................................... 44
1. Media tekst .............................................................................................................44
1.1. Wat is een mediatekst? ....................................................................................................... 44
1.2. Open vs gesloten teksten..................................................................................................... 44
1.3. Soorten ‘lezingen’ of ‘decoderingen’ ..................................................................................... 44
1.4. Realisme van mediateksten ................................................................................................. 45
1.5. Analyse van mediateksten ................................................................................................... 46

2. Mediagenres ...........................................................................................................47
2.1. Kenmerken ......................................................................................................................... 47
2.2. Voorbeeld van een (vrij recent) genre: reality tv ..................................................................... 48

Hoofdstuk 9: Massacommunicatie: publiek ............................................................. 49
1. Veranderde publieksconcepten ...............................................................................49
2. Publieksonderzoek ..................................................................................................49
2.1. Doelstellingen: media – vs publiek gecentreerd .................................................................... 49
2.2. Onderzoekstradities ............................................................................................................ 50
2.3. Onderzoeksmethoden ......................................................................................................... 51

3. Totstandkoming van een (TV)-publiek .......................................................................51
3.1. Structurele verklaringen voor tv-kijken .................................................................................. 52
3.2. U&G: mediagebruik als doelbewuste behoeftebevrediging .................................................... 53
3.3. Integratie van beide perspectieven ....................................................................................... 54

Hoofdstuk 10: Massacommunicatie: eIecten .......................................................... 55
1. Inleiding ..................................................................................................................55
2. Almacht van het mediaparadigma ............................................................................55
2.1. Uitgangspunten .................................................................................................................. 55
2.2. Belangrijke studies .............................................................................................................. 55

3. Beperkte e]ecten paradigma ...................................................................................57
3.1. Uitgangspunten .................................................................................................................. 57
3.2. Belangrijke studies .............................................................................................................. 57
3.3. Conclusie/ kritiek ................................................................................................................ 62

4. Het actieve publiek: user & gratification theory .........................................................63
5. Lange termijne]ecten .............................................................................................63
5.1. Uitgangspunten .................................................................................................................. 63
5.2. Studies/ theorieën............................................................................................................... 63

6. Media-e]ecten in de nieuwe(re) mediaomgeving ......................................................70

Is this the real me? Idealized and true selves on social media .................................. 71


3

, 1. Drie hypotheses ......................................................................................................71
1.1. The true self hypothese ....................................................................................................... 71
1.2. Extended Real Life hypothese → Zelf-verificatie-theorie ......................................................... 71
1.3. Idealized virtual-identity hypothese: ideaalbeeld van jezelf op sociale media ......................... 71

2. Hyperpersonal model of communication..................................................................73




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