,
, Total Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count; Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Values for Adults
Total RBC Count Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Sed Rate (ESR; m/hr)
Adult female 4.1 to 4.9million/mm3 38%–44% 12.2–14.7 g/dL 1–25 (increases during pregnancy)
Adult male 4.7 to 5.5 million/mm3 43%–49% 14.4–16.6 g/dL 0–17
Total White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Count and Differential Count in Adults and Children over 2 Years of Age
Total WBC Count 4500–11,000/mm3 (4.5-11.0 × 103) [WBC <1000: protective isolation]
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
Neutrophils
Segs (segmented neutrophils; mature) 45%-62%
Mild neutropenia: 1000 cells/µL Neutropenic precautions
Moderate neutropenia: 500–1000 cells/µL Neutropenic precautions
Severe neutropenia: <500 cells/µL (nadir) Neutropenic precautions
Bands of stabs (immature neutrophils) 3%–5%
EOs (eosinophils) 1%–3%
BASOs (basophils) 0%–0.75%
Monos (monocytes) 3%–7%
Lymphs (lymphocytes) 25%–33%
Platelet (Thrombocyte) Count
Adult and Child (over 1 year of age) 150,000–350,000/µL (microliters)
Critical low <20,000/µL (some sources list <30,000 as the critical low value)
Critical high >1,000,000/µL
Urine Analysis (Urinalysis) Renal Function Blood Studies
Test Normal Result Significance of
General Color Yellow-amber Test Normal Result Findings
measurements Turbidity Clear to faintly hazy Creatinine Measure of kidney function
pH 4.5–8.0 (average: 5.5–6.0)
Males 0.6–1.2 mg/dL
Specific gravity 1.010–1.020 (normal)
(adult) <1.010 or >1.020 (usually Females 0.5–1.1 mg/dL
abnormal) Elderly May be lower Age-related decline (reduced
Other Glucose None or <15 mg/dL muscle mass)
components Ketones None Children Vary by age
Blood None and sex
Protein 2–8 mg/dL BUN 10–20 mg/dL Increased: hepatic or renal
Bilirubin None disease, dehydration,
Sediment RBCs 0–2 per high power infection, steroid use, GI
WBCs 0–4 per high power bleed
Elderly: may be Decreased: malnutrition, fluid
Casts Occasional
slightly higher volume excess, or severe
Mucous threads Occasional
hepatic damage
Crystals Occasional BUN/Creatinine 10:1 to 20:1 Increased ratio: fluid volume
ratio deficit, dehydration
Decreased ratio: fluid volume
Serum Electrolyte Levels excess, malnutrition
No changes in the ratio with
Test Normal Values increases in both BUN and
Serum potassium 3.5–5.3 mEq/L creatinine indicates renal
impairment
Serum sodium 136–145 mEq/L
Serum calcium 8.2–10.2 mg/dL
(4.5–5.5 mEq/L)
Serum magnesium 1.8–3 mg/dL
(1.5–2.5 mEq/L)
All tables on inside front cover are from lrion GL, Goodman CC: Laboratory tests and values. In Goodman CC, Fuller KS: Pathology: implications
for the physical therapist, ed 3, St. Louis, 2009, Saunders [an imprint of Elsevier].
, Differential Diagnosis
for Physical Therapists
S C RE EN I N G FO R R EFER R A L
, Total Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count; Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Values for Adults
Total RBC Count Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Sed Rate (ESR; m/hr)
Adult female 4.1 to 4.9million/mm3 38%–44% 12.2–14.7 g/dL 1–25 (increases during pregnancy)
Adult male 4.7 to 5.5 million/mm3 43%–49% 14.4–16.6 g/dL 0–17
Total White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Count and Differential Count in Adults and Children over 2 Years of Age
Total WBC Count 4500–11,000/mm3 (4.5-11.0 × 103) [WBC <1000: protective isolation]
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
Neutrophils
Segs (segmented neutrophils; mature) 45%-62%
Mild neutropenia: 1000 cells/µL Neutropenic precautions
Moderate neutropenia: 500–1000 cells/µL Neutropenic precautions
Severe neutropenia: <500 cells/µL (nadir) Neutropenic precautions
Bands of stabs (immature neutrophils) 3%–5%
EOs (eosinophils) 1%–3%
BASOs (basophils) 0%–0.75%
Monos (monocytes) 3%–7%
Lymphs (lymphocytes) 25%–33%
Platelet (Thrombocyte) Count
Adult and Child (over 1 year of age) 150,000–350,000/µL (microliters)
Critical low <20,000/µL (some sources list <30,000 as the critical low value)
Critical high >1,000,000/µL
Urine Analysis (Urinalysis) Renal Function Blood Studies
Test Normal Result Significance of
General Color Yellow-amber Test Normal Result Findings
measurements Turbidity Clear to faintly hazy Creatinine Measure of kidney function
pH 4.5–8.0 (average: 5.5–6.0)
Males 0.6–1.2 mg/dL
Specific gravity 1.010–1.020 (normal)
(adult) <1.010 or >1.020 (usually Females 0.5–1.1 mg/dL
abnormal) Elderly May be lower Age-related decline (reduced
Other Glucose None or <15 mg/dL muscle mass)
components Ketones None Children Vary by age
Blood None and sex
Protein 2–8 mg/dL BUN 10–20 mg/dL Increased: hepatic or renal
Bilirubin None disease, dehydration,
Sediment RBCs 0–2 per high power infection, steroid use, GI
WBCs 0–4 per high power bleed
Elderly: may be Decreased: malnutrition, fluid
Casts Occasional
slightly higher volume excess, or severe
Mucous threads Occasional
hepatic damage
Crystals Occasional BUN/Creatinine 10:1 to 20:1 Increased ratio: fluid volume
ratio deficit, dehydration
Decreased ratio: fluid volume
Serum Electrolyte Levels excess, malnutrition
No changes in the ratio with
Test Normal Values increases in both BUN and
Serum potassium 3.5–5.3 mEq/L creatinine indicates renal
impairment
Serum sodium 136–145 mEq/L
Serum calcium 8.2–10.2 mg/dL
(4.5–5.5 mEq/L)
Serum magnesium 1.8–3 mg/dL
(1.5–2.5 mEq/L)
All tables on inside front cover are from lrion GL, Goodman CC: Laboratory tests and values. In Goodman CC, Fuller KS: Pathology: implications
for the physical therapist, ed 3, St. Louis, 2009, Saunders [an imprint of Elsevier].
, Differential Diagnosis
for Physical Therapists
S C RE EN I N G FO R R EFER R A L
