SHS 485 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
1. What is gray matter?-ANSWER- a collection of cell bodies (nuclei) that are organized around
function
2. What is white matter?-ANSWER- it is filled with pathways of axons and dendrites and is white
because of the
myelinated sheaths surrounding the axons
3. What are sulci?-ANSWER- indentation or "valleys" on the cerebral cortex
4. What are gyri?-ANSWER- bulges or "hills" of the cerebral cortex
5. What does the cortex consist of?-ANSWER- the five lobes (frontal, parietal, insular, temporal,
and occipital) as
well as the gyri and sulci
6. Where is the subcortex and what does it consist of?-ANSWER- it lies beneath the cortex and
consists
of white matter, subcortical nuclei, and cortico-cortical pathways
7. What are the three different types of cortico-cortical pathways?-ANSWER- 1. fasciluli
2. commissures
3. corpus callosum
8. What is the primary cortex?-ANSWER- cortical areas that are the primary fields which have
neurons that project
down into the spinal cord to control
9. What is the non-primary cortex?-ANSWER- everything in between the primary fields
(association cortex)
10. What are the four primary cortices and their anatomical locations?-ANSWER- 1. primary
visual-ANSWER- calcarine sulcus
2. primary auditory-ANSWER- Heschl's gyrus
, 3. primary somato(sensory and motor)-ANSWER- post-central gyrus
4. primary motor-ANSWER- pre-central gyrus
11. What are functions of the cerebellum?-ANSWER- two hemispheres, cortex, motor control,
particularly in
making postural adjustments and fine-tune movements, higher cognitive function including
language
12. What are the functions of the basal ganglia?-ANSWER- Group of cell bodies with similar
function that
regulates motor function. Also appears to be involved in cognitive functions.
13. What are all the parts of the basal ganglia?-ANSWER- caudate nucleus, putamen, globus
pallidus,
subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon), subtantia nigra (brainstem)
14. What are the two parts of language?-ANSWER- 1. Lexicon-ANSWER- meaning
(semantics/pragmatics), sound
pattern, idiosyncratic stuff
2. Grammar-ANSWER- phonology, morphology, and syntax
15. Why are thoughts hard to express through language?-ANSWER- because thoughts occur too
quickly and language is often ambiguous and slow
SHS 485 Final Exam
Study online at https-ANSWER-//quizlet.com/_94euj5
16. What does communication look like?-ANSWER- Happens without language, sometimes
through facial
expressions, body language, hand gestures, and physical appearance.
Language sometimes fails to communicate (Wernicke's aphasia)
17. What happens during an ischemic stroke?-ANSWER- Blockage of blood flow in an artery.
Damage is focal and fairly easy to identify.
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
1. What is gray matter?-ANSWER- a collection of cell bodies (nuclei) that are organized around
function
2. What is white matter?-ANSWER- it is filled with pathways of axons and dendrites and is white
because of the
myelinated sheaths surrounding the axons
3. What are sulci?-ANSWER- indentation or "valleys" on the cerebral cortex
4. What are gyri?-ANSWER- bulges or "hills" of the cerebral cortex
5. What does the cortex consist of?-ANSWER- the five lobes (frontal, parietal, insular, temporal,
and occipital) as
well as the gyri and sulci
6. Where is the subcortex and what does it consist of?-ANSWER- it lies beneath the cortex and
consists
of white matter, subcortical nuclei, and cortico-cortical pathways
7. What are the three different types of cortico-cortical pathways?-ANSWER- 1. fasciluli
2. commissures
3. corpus callosum
8. What is the primary cortex?-ANSWER- cortical areas that are the primary fields which have
neurons that project
down into the spinal cord to control
9. What is the non-primary cortex?-ANSWER- everything in between the primary fields
(association cortex)
10. What are the four primary cortices and their anatomical locations?-ANSWER- 1. primary
visual-ANSWER- calcarine sulcus
2. primary auditory-ANSWER- Heschl's gyrus
, 3. primary somato(sensory and motor)-ANSWER- post-central gyrus
4. primary motor-ANSWER- pre-central gyrus
11. What are functions of the cerebellum?-ANSWER- two hemispheres, cortex, motor control,
particularly in
making postural adjustments and fine-tune movements, higher cognitive function including
language
12. What are the functions of the basal ganglia?-ANSWER- Group of cell bodies with similar
function that
regulates motor function. Also appears to be involved in cognitive functions.
13. What are all the parts of the basal ganglia?-ANSWER- caudate nucleus, putamen, globus
pallidus,
subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon), subtantia nigra (brainstem)
14. What are the two parts of language?-ANSWER- 1. Lexicon-ANSWER- meaning
(semantics/pragmatics), sound
pattern, idiosyncratic stuff
2. Grammar-ANSWER- phonology, morphology, and syntax
15. Why are thoughts hard to express through language?-ANSWER- because thoughts occur too
quickly and language is often ambiguous and slow
SHS 485 Final Exam
Study online at https-ANSWER-//quizlet.com/_94euj5
16. What does communication look like?-ANSWER- Happens without language, sometimes
through facial
expressions, body language, hand gestures, and physical appearance.
Language sometimes fails to communicate (Wernicke's aphasia)
17. What happens during an ischemic stroke?-ANSWER- Blockage of blood flow in an artery.
Damage is focal and fairly easy to identify.
