FAU Pathophysiology Final Exam with
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
answers
Herpes |\Simplex |\Virus |\(HSV) |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\most |\common |\cause |\of |\genital |\
ulcers |\in |\the |\US
Women |\are |\at |\greater |\risk |\because |\of |\greater |\mucosal |\surface |\area |\exposed
Can |\be |\passed |\to |\an |\infant |\during |\childbirth |\if |\the |\virus |\is |\actively |\being |\shed |\from |\the |\
genital |\tract
Pregnant |\women |\with |\a |\history |\of |\genital |\herpes |\are |\started |\on |\valacyclovir |\suppression |\
at |\36 |\weeks |\gestation
If |\a |\woman |\has |\an |\outbreak |\of |\herpes |\when |\she |\presents |\in |\labor, |\a |\cesarean |\section |\
birth |\is |\recommended
Disseminated |\neonatal |\infection |\carries |\high |\mortality |\and |\morbidity |\rates
Human |\Immunodeficiency |\Virus |\(HIV) |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔HIV |\is |\an |\enveloped |\
retrovirus
-Specifically, |\the |\subfamily |\of |\lentiviruses
HIV |\selectively |\attacks |\the |\CD4+ |\T |\Lymphocytes |\("T |\helper |\cells")
-Also |\attacks |\Macrophages |\and |\dendritic |\cells
,These |\cells |\are |\the |\immune |\cells |\responsible |\for |\orchestrating |\and |\coordinating |\the |\
immune |\response |\to |\infection
Progression |\of |\HIV |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Until |\CD4+ |\T |\cell |\count |\falls |\to |\a |\very |\low |\
level |\the |\person |\remains |\asymptomatic
HIV |\can |\produce |\slowly |\progressive |\fatal |\diseases |\like |\wasting |\syndrome |\and |\CNS |\
degeneration
Classification |\of |\HIV:
-Category |\1= |\>500 |\cells
-Category |\2=200-499 |\cells
-Category |\3=<200 |\cells
Clinical |\Categories:
-A=Asymptomatic
-B=immune |\deficiency |\but |\not |\AIDS |\defining |\
-c=AIDS |\defining |\illnesses
*Infections |\that |\occur |\in |\AIDS |\are |\the |\direct |\result |\of |\viral |\activity*
-Wasting
-Candida |\infections
-Leukoplakia
-Mycobacterium |\TB
-Pneumocystis |\Jiroveci |\Pneumonia
-Kaposi |\Sarcoma
,-Non-hodgkin |\Lymphoma
-Cervical |\and |\anal |\cancers
-CNS |\Toxoplasmosis
-HIV |\encephalopathy
Clinical |\Course |\of |\HIV |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Typical |\Progressors |\= |\60%-70% |\develop
|\AIDS |\10-11 |\years |\after |\HIV |\infection
2. |\Rapid |\Progressors |\= |\10%-20% |\progress |\rapidly |\with |\development |\of |\AIDS |\in |\less |\than |\
5 |\years
3. |\Slow |\Progressors |\= |\5%-15% |\do |\not |\progress |\to |\AIDS |\for |\more |\than |\15 |\years
*Long-Term |\Nonprogressors |\= |\1% |\infected |\for |\at |\least |\8 |\years |\and |\are |\antiretroviral |\naive
|\and |\have |\high |\CD4 |\counts |\and |\low |\viral |\loads
Benign |\Prostatic |\Hyperplasia |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Also |\known |\as |\"Nodular |\Prostatic |\
Hyperplasia"
-Age |\related |\(most |\common |\in |\75% |\of |\men |\over |\80yrs)
-Nonmalignant |\enlargement |\of |\the |\prostate |\gland
-large, |\discrete |\lesions |\in |\the |\periurethral |\region |\of |\the |\prostate |\rather |\than |\the |\
peripheral |\zones
Low |\Urinary |\Tract |\Symptoms:
-Dynamic=related |\to |\smooth |\muscle |\tone. |\Treat |\with |\Alpha |\adrenergic |\receptor |\blockers
, -Static |\= |\related |\to |\an |\increase |\in |\prostatic |\size |\and |\gives |\rise |\to |\symptoms:
weak |\urine |\stream
postvoid |\dribbling
frequency |\
nocturia |\
UTI
Hydroureter
Hydronephrosis
Renal |\Calculi |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Most |\common |\cause |\of |\upper |\urinary |\tract |\
obstruction
*Does |\not |\have |\to |\do |\with |\sodium |\levels*
Polycrystalline |\aggregates |\composed |\of |\materials |\that |\the |\kidneys |\normally |\excrete |\in |\
urine
-Calcium |\Salts
-Uric |\Acid
-Magnesium |\Ammonium |\Phosphate
-Cysteine
Factors |\in |\Stone |\Formation:
1. |\Supersaturated |\Urine |\(Acidic |\pH)
2. |\Presence |\of |\a |\nucleus |\or |\nidus |\for |\crystal |\formation
3. |\Deficiency |\of |\inhibitors |\of |\stone |\formation |\(magnesium, |\citrate)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
answers
Herpes |\Simplex |\Virus |\(HSV) |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\most |\common |\cause |\of |\genital |\
ulcers |\in |\the |\US
Women |\are |\at |\greater |\risk |\because |\of |\greater |\mucosal |\surface |\area |\exposed
Can |\be |\passed |\to |\an |\infant |\during |\childbirth |\if |\the |\virus |\is |\actively |\being |\shed |\from |\the |\
genital |\tract
Pregnant |\women |\with |\a |\history |\of |\genital |\herpes |\are |\started |\on |\valacyclovir |\suppression |\
at |\36 |\weeks |\gestation
If |\a |\woman |\has |\an |\outbreak |\of |\herpes |\when |\she |\presents |\in |\labor, |\a |\cesarean |\section |\
birth |\is |\recommended
Disseminated |\neonatal |\infection |\carries |\high |\mortality |\and |\morbidity |\rates
Human |\Immunodeficiency |\Virus |\(HIV) |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔HIV |\is |\an |\enveloped |\
retrovirus
-Specifically, |\the |\subfamily |\of |\lentiviruses
HIV |\selectively |\attacks |\the |\CD4+ |\T |\Lymphocytes |\("T |\helper |\cells")
-Also |\attacks |\Macrophages |\and |\dendritic |\cells
,These |\cells |\are |\the |\immune |\cells |\responsible |\for |\orchestrating |\and |\coordinating |\the |\
immune |\response |\to |\infection
Progression |\of |\HIV |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Until |\CD4+ |\T |\cell |\count |\falls |\to |\a |\very |\low |\
level |\the |\person |\remains |\asymptomatic
HIV |\can |\produce |\slowly |\progressive |\fatal |\diseases |\like |\wasting |\syndrome |\and |\CNS |\
degeneration
Classification |\of |\HIV:
-Category |\1= |\>500 |\cells
-Category |\2=200-499 |\cells
-Category |\3=<200 |\cells
Clinical |\Categories:
-A=Asymptomatic
-B=immune |\deficiency |\but |\not |\AIDS |\defining |\
-c=AIDS |\defining |\illnesses
*Infections |\that |\occur |\in |\AIDS |\are |\the |\direct |\result |\of |\viral |\activity*
-Wasting
-Candida |\infections
-Leukoplakia
-Mycobacterium |\TB
-Pneumocystis |\Jiroveci |\Pneumonia
-Kaposi |\Sarcoma
,-Non-hodgkin |\Lymphoma
-Cervical |\and |\anal |\cancers
-CNS |\Toxoplasmosis
-HIV |\encephalopathy
Clinical |\Course |\of |\HIV |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Typical |\Progressors |\= |\60%-70% |\develop
|\AIDS |\10-11 |\years |\after |\HIV |\infection
2. |\Rapid |\Progressors |\= |\10%-20% |\progress |\rapidly |\with |\development |\of |\AIDS |\in |\less |\than |\
5 |\years
3. |\Slow |\Progressors |\= |\5%-15% |\do |\not |\progress |\to |\AIDS |\for |\more |\than |\15 |\years
*Long-Term |\Nonprogressors |\= |\1% |\infected |\for |\at |\least |\8 |\years |\and |\are |\antiretroviral |\naive
|\and |\have |\high |\CD4 |\counts |\and |\low |\viral |\loads
Benign |\Prostatic |\Hyperplasia |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Also |\known |\as |\"Nodular |\Prostatic |\
Hyperplasia"
-Age |\related |\(most |\common |\in |\75% |\of |\men |\over |\80yrs)
-Nonmalignant |\enlargement |\of |\the |\prostate |\gland
-large, |\discrete |\lesions |\in |\the |\periurethral |\region |\of |\the |\prostate |\rather |\than |\the |\
peripheral |\zones
Low |\Urinary |\Tract |\Symptoms:
-Dynamic=related |\to |\smooth |\muscle |\tone. |\Treat |\with |\Alpha |\adrenergic |\receptor |\blockers
, -Static |\= |\related |\to |\an |\increase |\in |\prostatic |\size |\and |\gives |\rise |\to |\symptoms:
weak |\urine |\stream
postvoid |\dribbling
frequency |\
nocturia |\
UTI
Hydroureter
Hydronephrosis
Renal |\Calculi |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Most |\common |\cause |\of |\upper |\urinary |\tract |\
obstruction
*Does |\not |\have |\to |\do |\with |\sodium |\levels*
Polycrystalline |\aggregates |\composed |\of |\materials |\that |\the |\kidneys |\normally |\excrete |\in |\
urine
-Calcium |\Salts
-Uric |\Acid
-Magnesium |\Ammonium |\Phosphate
-Cysteine
Factors |\in |\Stone |\Formation:
1. |\Supersaturated |\Urine |\(Acidic |\pH)
2. |\Presence |\of |\a |\nucleus |\or |\nidus |\for |\crystal |\formation
3. |\Deficiency |\of |\inhibitors |\of |\stone |\formation |\(magnesium, |\citrate)
