FAU Pathophysiology Exam 2 with
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answers
Raynaud's |\Phenomenon |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\functional |\Disorder |\caused |\by |\intense
|\vasospasm |\of |\the |\arteries |\and |\arterioles |\in |\the |\fingers |\and |\less |\often |\in |\the |\toes.
Vasodilation |\occurs |\by |\withdrawal |\of |\sympathetic |\stimulation
Cause |\of |\Raynaud's |\Phenomenon |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Can |\be |\result |\of |\cooling |\of |\
head, |\neck |\and |\trunk
Can |\also |\be |\caused |\by |\emotional |\stress, |\anxiety
It |\is |\associated |\with |\other |\disease |\states |\that |\cause |\vasospasm |\
Can |\be |\associated |\with |\previous |\vessel |\injury |\like:
frostbite
occupational |\trauma |\(heavy |\vibrating |\tools)
collagen |\diseases
neurologic |\disorders
chronic |\arterial |\occlusive |\disorders
Exposure |\to |\alternating |\hot |\and |\cold |\temperatures
It |\is |\often |\the |\first |\symptom |\of |\collagen |\diseases |\like |\scleroderma |\and |\systemic |\lupus |\
erythematosus |\(SLE)
Raynaud's |\Phenomenon |\Manifestations |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔All |\fingers |\usually |\
affected |\symmetrically |\but |\can |\affect |\only |\1-2 |\digits |\or |\only |\part |\of |\a |\digit
Ischemia |\due |\to |\vasospasm |\causes |\change |\in |\skin |\color
Progresses |\from |\pallor |\to |\cyanosis
,A |\sensation |\of |\cold
Changes |\in |\sensory |\perception |\(Numbness |\and |\Tingling)
Followed |\by |\period |\of |\hyperemia
Nails |\may |\become |\brittle
Skin |\over |\tips |\of |\fingers |\may |\thicken |\
Nutritional |\impairment |\may |\give |\rise |\to |\arthritis
Can |\cause |\ulceration |\and |\gangrene
Raynaud's |\Phenomenon |\Treatment |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Eliminate |\factors |\that |\cause |\
vasospasm
Protect |\digits |\from |\trauma |\during |\ischemic |\episode
Abstinence |\from |\smoking
Avoid |\vasoconstrictor |\medications |\(Decongestants)
Use |\vasodilator |\drugs |\to |\avoid |\thrombosis |\and |\gangrene |\(calcium |\channel |\blockers, |\alpha
|\adrenergic |\blocker)
Sympathectomy-surgical |\interruption |\of |\sympathetic |\nerve |\pathways
Atherosclerosis |\Risk |\Factors |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Hypercholesterolemia
Increasing |\age
Family |\history |\of |\premature |\Coronary |\Heart |\Disease
Male |\Sex
Strong |\Family |\History |\of |\heart |\disease/stroke
Risk |\increases |\for |\women |\after |\menopause |\(estrogens |\no |\longer |\protectant)
Cigarette |\smoking |\(Worsens |\endothelial |\damage)
Obesity
Visceral |\fat
Hypertension
,Diabetes |\Mellitus
*C-Reactive |\Protein |\(CRP)*-serum |\marker |\for |\systemic |\inflammation |\
Serum |\Homocysteine
Serum |\Lipoprotein
Infectious |\Agents |\(Chlamydia, |\herpes, |\cytomegalovirus)
Atherosclerosis |\Pathophysiology |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Formation |\of |\fibrofatty |\lesions |\in
|\the |\intimal |\lining |\of |\the |\large |\and |\medium |\sized |\arteries
Clinical |\manifestations |\can |\take |\20-40 |\years
Step |\1-Endothelial |\Cell |\Injury
Step |\2-Migration |\of |\Inflammatory |\Cells
Step |\3-Lipid |\Accumulation |\and |\Smooth |\Muscle |\Cell |\Proliferation
Step |\4-Plaque |\Structure |\(Usually |\by |\3rd |\decade |\of |\life)
3 |\Types |\of |\Atherosclerosis |\Lesions |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Fatty |\Streak |\(thin, |\flat, |\
yellow, |\progressively |\enlarge |\by |\becoming |\thicker |\and |\elevated.
-Present |\in |\children |\in |\1st |\year |\of |\life
-Increase |\in |\number |\throughout |\life |\until |\age |\20
2. |\Fibrous |\Atheromatous |\Plaque |\(Gray, |\pearly |\white, |\accumulation |\of |\intracellular |\and |\
extracellular |\lipids
-Proliferation |\of |\vascular |\smooth |\muscle |\cells
-Formation |\of |\scar |\tissue
3. |\Complicated |\Lesion |\(contains |\hemorrhage, |\ulcerations, |\scar |\tissue |\deposits)
Venous |\Thrombosis |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔"Thrombophlebitis"
The |\presence |\of |\a |\thrombus |\(Clot) |\in |\a |\vein |\and |\the |\accompanying |\inflammatory |\
response |\in |\the |\vessel |\wall.
, 2 |\TYPES:
1. |\Superficial |\Venous |\Thrombosis
2. |\Deep |\Venous |\Thrombosis
Virchow's |\Triad |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Venous |\Thrombosis |\Pathophysiology
Combined:
1. |\Stasis |\of |\Blood
2. |\Increased |\Blood |\Coagulability |\(Hypercoagulability)
3. |\Vessel |\Wall |\Injury
Venous |\Thrombosis |\Risk |\Factors |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔*Stasis*:
Bed |\rest
immobility
spinal |\cord |\injury
acute |\myocardial |\infarction
Congestive |\Heart |\Failure
Shock
Venous |\Obstruction
*Hypercoagulability*:
Genetic |\(Factor |\V |\Leiden)
Stress |\and |\Trauma
Pregnancy
Childbirth
Oral |\Contraceptives/Hormones
Dehydration
Cancer
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
answers
Raynaud's |\Phenomenon |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\functional |\Disorder |\caused |\by |\intense
|\vasospasm |\of |\the |\arteries |\and |\arterioles |\in |\the |\fingers |\and |\less |\often |\in |\the |\toes.
Vasodilation |\occurs |\by |\withdrawal |\of |\sympathetic |\stimulation
Cause |\of |\Raynaud's |\Phenomenon |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Can |\be |\result |\of |\cooling |\of |\
head, |\neck |\and |\trunk
Can |\also |\be |\caused |\by |\emotional |\stress, |\anxiety
It |\is |\associated |\with |\other |\disease |\states |\that |\cause |\vasospasm |\
Can |\be |\associated |\with |\previous |\vessel |\injury |\like:
frostbite
occupational |\trauma |\(heavy |\vibrating |\tools)
collagen |\diseases
neurologic |\disorders
chronic |\arterial |\occlusive |\disorders
Exposure |\to |\alternating |\hot |\and |\cold |\temperatures
It |\is |\often |\the |\first |\symptom |\of |\collagen |\diseases |\like |\scleroderma |\and |\systemic |\lupus |\
erythematosus |\(SLE)
Raynaud's |\Phenomenon |\Manifestations |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔All |\fingers |\usually |\
affected |\symmetrically |\but |\can |\affect |\only |\1-2 |\digits |\or |\only |\part |\of |\a |\digit
Ischemia |\due |\to |\vasospasm |\causes |\change |\in |\skin |\color
Progresses |\from |\pallor |\to |\cyanosis
,A |\sensation |\of |\cold
Changes |\in |\sensory |\perception |\(Numbness |\and |\Tingling)
Followed |\by |\period |\of |\hyperemia
Nails |\may |\become |\brittle
Skin |\over |\tips |\of |\fingers |\may |\thicken |\
Nutritional |\impairment |\may |\give |\rise |\to |\arthritis
Can |\cause |\ulceration |\and |\gangrene
Raynaud's |\Phenomenon |\Treatment |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Eliminate |\factors |\that |\cause |\
vasospasm
Protect |\digits |\from |\trauma |\during |\ischemic |\episode
Abstinence |\from |\smoking
Avoid |\vasoconstrictor |\medications |\(Decongestants)
Use |\vasodilator |\drugs |\to |\avoid |\thrombosis |\and |\gangrene |\(calcium |\channel |\blockers, |\alpha
|\adrenergic |\blocker)
Sympathectomy-surgical |\interruption |\of |\sympathetic |\nerve |\pathways
Atherosclerosis |\Risk |\Factors |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Hypercholesterolemia
Increasing |\age
Family |\history |\of |\premature |\Coronary |\Heart |\Disease
Male |\Sex
Strong |\Family |\History |\of |\heart |\disease/stroke
Risk |\increases |\for |\women |\after |\menopause |\(estrogens |\no |\longer |\protectant)
Cigarette |\smoking |\(Worsens |\endothelial |\damage)
Obesity
Visceral |\fat
Hypertension
,Diabetes |\Mellitus
*C-Reactive |\Protein |\(CRP)*-serum |\marker |\for |\systemic |\inflammation |\
Serum |\Homocysteine
Serum |\Lipoprotein
Infectious |\Agents |\(Chlamydia, |\herpes, |\cytomegalovirus)
Atherosclerosis |\Pathophysiology |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Formation |\of |\fibrofatty |\lesions |\in
|\the |\intimal |\lining |\of |\the |\large |\and |\medium |\sized |\arteries
Clinical |\manifestations |\can |\take |\20-40 |\years
Step |\1-Endothelial |\Cell |\Injury
Step |\2-Migration |\of |\Inflammatory |\Cells
Step |\3-Lipid |\Accumulation |\and |\Smooth |\Muscle |\Cell |\Proliferation
Step |\4-Plaque |\Structure |\(Usually |\by |\3rd |\decade |\of |\life)
3 |\Types |\of |\Atherosclerosis |\Lesions |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Fatty |\Streak |\(thin, |\flat, |\
yellow, |\progressively |\enlarge |\by |\becoming |\thicker |\and |\elevated.
-Present |\in |\children |\in |\1st |\year |\of |\life
-Increase |\in |\number |\throughout |\life |\until |\age |\20
2. |\Fibrous |\Atheromatous |\Plaque |\(Gray, |\pearly |\white, |\accumulation |\of |\intracellular |\and |\
extracellular |\lipids
-Proliferation |\of |\vascular |\smooth |\muscle |\cells
-Formation |\of |\scar |\tissue
3. |\Complicated |\Lesion |\(contains |\hemorrhage, |\ulcerations, |\scar |\tissue |\deposits)
Venous |\Thrombosis |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔"Thrombophlebitis"
The |\presence |\of |\a |\thrombus |\(Clot) |\in |\a |\vein |\and |\the |\accompanying |\inflammatory |\
response |\in |\the |\vessel |\wall.
, 2 |\TYPES:
1. |\Superficial |\Venous |\Thrombosis
2. |\Deep |\Venous |\Thrombosis
Virchow's |\Triad |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Venous |\Thrombosis |\Pathophysiology
Combined:
1. |\Stasis |\of |\Blood
2. |\Increased |\Blood |\Coagulability |\(Hypercoagulability)
3. |\Vessel |\Wall |\Injury
Venous |\Thrombosis |\Risk |\Factors |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔*Stasis*:
Bed |\rest
immobility
spinal |\cord |\injury
acute |\myocardial |\infarction
Congestive |\Heart |\Failure
Shock
Venous |\Obstruction
*Hypercoagulability*:
Genetic |\(Factor |\V |\Leiden)
Stress |\and |\Trauma
Pregnancy
Childbirth
Oral |\Contraceptives/Hormones
Dehydration
Cancer
