ESSENTIALS IN NUTRITION BIOD 121 EXAM
2026 EXAMINATION TEST
◉ What are ULs? Answer: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: the max
daily intake amts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse
health affects in almost all individuals (97%)
◉ ULs are based on nutrient intake from all sources with the
exception of: Answer: niacin, magnesium, zinc, and nickel are only
for nonfood sources
◉ What are EERs? Answer: Estimated energy requirements: average
daily caloric need for each life stage group
-based on energy needs for GROWTH, PREGNANCY, LACTATION, etc
◉ What are AMDRs? Answer: adequate macronutrient distribution
ranges (AMDRs): range of intake as a percentage of energy, that
promotes good health: provide input for carbs, proteins, fats, and
essential fatty acids
◉ How do you calculate nutrient density? Answer: divide the amt of
a nutrient (protein, vitamin, mineral) in a serving of the food by your
daily recommended intake (RDA, AI).
,Then, divide the calories in a serving of food by your daily caloric
need (EER)
Then, compare the values
◉ When is a food said to be "nutrient dense"? Answer: if it provides
a greater contribution to your nutrient need than calorie need.
◉ What are DVs? Answer: Daily values: generic nutrition standards
on food labels by the FDA (developed for food labeling), set for
anyone over the age of 4 (exceptions: infants, toddlers, pregnancy,
and lactation)
◉ What are the two sets of standards for DVs? Answer: reference
daily intakes (RDIs) and daily reference values (DRVs)
◉ RDIs Answer: reference daily intakes: used for VITAMINS AND
MINERALS
◉ DRVs Answer: daily reference values: used for CARBS, PROTEINS,
FATS--based on a 2,000cal diet, fiber, cholesterol, Na+ and K+
, ◉ What nutrients must be listed on food labels? Answer: total
calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat,
cholesterol, Na, total carbohydrates, fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A
& C, calcium, iron
fortified or nutrients listed in health claims must also be included
◉ Why is the daily value % for protein usually not added to food
labels? Answer: It is expensive to test for protein quality and protein
deficiency is not a problem in the United States
◉ What are nutrient claims? Answer: describe nutrient content (ex:
"low in fat", "rich in vitamin A", "zero calories"), closely regulated by
FDA, most common
◉ What are health claims? Answer: describe a relationship between
a disease and a nutrient, food, or food constituent--all have scientific
agreement that they are true, must use "may" or "might" in claim
ex: "a diet with high Ca+ MAY reduce risk of osteoporosis"
◉ What are preliminary health claims? Answer: claims based on
incomplete scientific evidence as long as the label qualified it with a
disclaimer such as "this evidence is not conclusive" and the food
meets the definition of being healthy
2026 EXAMINATION TEST
◉ What are ULs? Answer: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: the max
daily intake amts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse
health affects in almost all individuals (97%)
◉ ULs are based on nutrient intake from all sources with the
exception of: Answer: niacin, magnesium, zinc, and nickel are only
for nonfood sources
◉ What are EERs? Answer: Estimated energy requirements: average
daily caloric need for each life stage group
-based on energy needs for GROWTH, PREGNANCY, LACTATION, etc
◉ What are AMDRs? Answer: adequate macronutrient distribution
ranges (AMDRs): range of intake as a percentage of energy, that
promotes good health: provide input for carbs, proteins, fats, and
essential fatty acids
◉ How do you calculate nutrient density? Answer: divide the amt of
a nutrient (protein, vitamin, mineral) in a serving of the food by your
daily recommended intake (RDA, AI).
,Then, divide the calories in a serving of food by your daily caloric
need (EER)
Then, compare the values
◉ When is a food said to be "nutrient dense"? Answer: if it provides
a greater contribution to your nutrient need than calorie need.
◉ What are DVs? Answer: Daily values: generic nutrition standards
on food labels by the FDA (developed for food labeling), set for
anyone over the age of 4 (exceptions: infants, toddlers, pregnancy,
and lactation)
◉ What are the two sets of standards for DVs? Answer: reference
daily intakes (RDIs) and daily reference values (DRVs)
◉ RDIs Answer: reference daily intakes: used for VITAMINS AND
MINERALS
◉ DRVs Answer: daily reference values: used for CARBS, PROTEINS,
FATS--based on a 2,000cal diet, fiber, cholesterol, Na+ and K+
, ◉ What nutrients must be listed on food labels? Answer: total
calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat,
cholesterol, Na, total carbohydrates, fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A
& C, calcium, iron
fortified or nutrients listed in health claims must also be included
◉ Why is the daily value % for protein usually not added to food
labels? Answer: It is expensive to test for protein quality and protein
deficiency is not a problem in the United States
◉ What are nutrient claims? Answer: describe nutrient content (ex:
"low in fat", "rich in vitamin A", "zero calories"), closely regulated by
FDA, most common
◉ What are health claims? Answer: describe a relationship between
a disease and a nutrient, food, or food constituent--all have scientific
agreement that they are true, must use "may" or "might" in claim
ex: "a diet with high Ca+ MAY reduce risk of osteoporosis"
◉ What are preliminary health claims? Answer: claims based on
incomplete scientific evidence as long as the label qualified it with a
disclaimer such as "this evidence is not conclusive" and the food
meets the definition of being healthy
