ESSENTIALS IN NUTRITION BIOD 121 EXAM
2026 ACTUAL EXAM
◉ What are the six essential nutrients? Answer: carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water
◉ What are the macronutrients? Answer: Need in large quantities:
Carbs, proteins, lipids, water
◉ What are the micronutrients? Answer: Important, but less
frequent: Vitamins, minerals
◉ Which nutrients provide energy? Answer: Carbs, Lipids, Proteins
◉ Which nutrients promote growth and development? Answer:
Proteins, lipids, some vitamins, some minerals, water
◉ What elements are carbohydrates composed of? Answer: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen
◉ What are the main foods we get carbs from? Answer: fruits,
vegetables, grains
,◉ What are the 2 main types of carbohydrates? Answer: simple and
complex
◉ Simple carbs: Answer: sugars
Example: glucose
◉ Complex carbs: Answer: polysaccharides in food, glycogen in our
bodies
Examples of complex carbs: fiber, starch, glycogen
◉ Are lipids soluble in water? Answer: NO!--but soluble in organic
solvents (like ethanol)
◉ What elemts are lipids made up of? Answer: carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen
◉ What are triglycerides? Answer: major form of fat in food and
major form of energy storage in our bodies
◉ What are the 2 types of lipids? Answer: saturated, unsaturated
fatty acids
,◉ Which is healthier: saturated or unsaturated fatty acids? Answer:
unsaturated--saturated fatty acids raise blood pressure
◉ What are 2 important types of unsaturated fatty acids? Answer:
linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid (ESSENTIAL! roles are to be
structural units of cell walls and help regulate blood pressure and
nerve transmissions. can get supply from vegetable oil or fish oil)
◉ What are trans fatty acids? Answer: bad for health--have been
processed to change their structure from -cis end to -trans end
◉ What are the functions of lipids? Answer: provide 9 kcal of energy,
energy storage, hormone synthesis, membrane
◉ What elements are proteins composed of? Answer: carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
◉ What are the functions of proteins? Answer: provide 4 kcal of
energy, blood transport, enzymes, muscle, cell signaling
◉ There are 20 amino acids--how many of them are essential?
Answer: 9
, ◉ What are the two types of vitamins? Answer: water-soluble, fat
soluble
◉ Which vitamins are water soluble? Answer: C & B
◉ Characteristics of water soluble vitamins? Answer: more easily
excreted from the body (thru urine), easily destroyed by cooking
◉ Which vitamins are fat soluble? Answer: A, D, E, K
◉ Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins? Answer: more easily
stored in the body, greater risk for toxicity
◉ What is the function of vitamins? Answer: to enable chemical
reactions
◉ What is the function of minerals? Answer: water balance, nervous
system, muscle contraction, enable chemical reactions, etc
◉ What are the two subcategories of minerals? Answer: major
minerals, trace minerals
◉ What are major minerals? Answer: required in gram amounts:
sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorous
2026 ACTUAL EXAM
◉ What are the six essential nutrients? Answer: carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water
◉ What are the macronutrients? Answer: Need in large quantities:
Carbs, proteins, lipids, water
◉ What are the micronutrients? Answer: Important, but less
frequent: Vitamins, minerals
◉ Which nutrients provide energy? Answer: Carbs, Lipids, Proteins
◉ Which nutrients promote growth and development? Answer:
Proteins, lipids, some vitamins, some minerals, water
◉ What elements are carbohydrates composed of? Answer: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen
◉ What are the main foods we get carbs from? Answer: fruits,
vegetables, grains
,◉ What are the 2 main types of carbohydrates? Answer: simple and
complex
◉ Simple carbs: Answer: sugars
Example: glucose
◉ Complex carbs: Answer: polysaccharides in food, glycogen in our
bodies
Examples of complex carbs: fiber, starch, glycogen
◉ Are lipids soluble in water? Answer: NO!--but soluble in organic
solvents (like ethanol)
◉ What elemts are lipids made up of? Answer: carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen
◉ What are triglycerides? Answer: major form of fat in food and
major form of energy storage in our bodies
◉ What are the 2 types of lipids? Answer: saturated, unsaturated
fatty acids
,◉ Which is healthier: saturated or unsaturated fatty acids? Answer:
unsaturated--saturated fatty acids raise blood pressure
◉ What are 2 important types of unsaturated fatty acids? Answer:
linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid (ESSENTIAL! roles are to be
structural units of cell walls and help regulate blood pressure and
nerve transmissions. can get supply from vegetable oil or fish oil)
◉ What are trans fatty acids? Answer: bad for health--have been
processed to change their structure from -cis end to -trans end
◉ What are the functions of lipids? Answer: provide 9 kcal of energy,
energy storage, hormone synthesis, membrane
◉ What elements are proteins composed of? Answer: carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
◉ What are the functions of proteins? Answer: provide 4 kcal of
energy, blood transport, enzymes, muscle, cell signaling
◉ There are 20 amino acids--how many of them are essential?
Answer: 9
, ◉ What are the two types of vitamins? Answer: water-soluble, fat
soluble
◉ Which vitamins are water soluble? Answer: C & B
◉ Characteristics of water soluble vitamins? Answer: more easily
excreted from the body (thru urine), easily destroyed by cooking
◉ Which vitamins are fat soluble? Answer: A, D, E, K
◉ Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins? Answer: more easily
stored in the body, greater risk for toxicity
◉ What is the function of vitamins? Answer: to enable chemical
reactions
◉ What is the function of minerals? Answer: water balance, nervous
system, muscle contraction, enable chemical reactions, etc
◉ What are the two subcategories of minerals? Answer: major
minerals, trace minerals
◉ What are major minerals? Answer: required in gram amounts:
sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorous
