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Exam (elaborations)

BMED 450 - MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS

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BMED 450 - MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS

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December 8, 2025
Number of pages
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Written in
2025/2026
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BMED 450 - MIDTERM 1 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025-2026
loss of homeostasis CORRECT ANSWER overwhelming challenge

abnormal response or gene expression



thrombocytes CORRECT ANSWER cause vasoconstriction

(thromboxane) adhere to connective tissue under endothelium

form platelet plug



coagulation proteins CORRECT ANSWER activated by tissue factor from damaged ETCs

platelet phospholipids activate thrombin



thrombin CORRECT ANSWER activates fibrinogen to form fibrin clot



fibrinolysis proteins CORRECT ANSWER plasmin breaks down

clot ETCs release tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)



relaxed endothelium CORRECT ANSWER anticoagulant NO

vasodilates prostacyclin (PGI2) dilates and inhibits platelet aggregation



inflammatory state CORRECT ANSWER endothelium produces

endothelin less PGI2 and NO = vasoconstriction

tissue factor

platelets produce thromboxane A2



B lymphocytes CORRECT ANSWER produce antibodies that coat pathogens

, helper T lymphocytes CORRECT ANSWER activate macrophages and lymphocytes



cytotoxic T lympocytes CORRECT ANSWER cause infected cells to apoptose



innate immunity components CORRECT ANSWER neutrophils,

granulocytes coagulation factors limit spread

complement reactants



3 factors that initiate thrombosis CORRECT ANSWER endothelial injury (prothrombotic molecules)

abnormal blood flow (turbulence or stasis)

hypercoagulability (genetic or acquired)



infective endocarditis CORRECT ANSWER Strep

viridans toxins kill endocardial and myocardial cells

dead cells cause stenosis



autonomic control of heart rate and contractility CORRECT ANSWER SNS: beta adrenergics

increase PNS: acetylcholine decrease



autonomic control of peripheral resistance CORRECT ANSWER SNS: alpha adrenergic contract



shock CORRECT ANSWER hypoperfusion

vasodilation

low blood volume

MAP <50mmHg



septic shock CORRECT ANSWER
bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin binds to TLR4 on macrophages and neutrophils = cytokine
storm

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