BIOD 121 Module 6.1 Exam | Portage Learning Pregnancy & Lactation Q&A 2026 | Maternal Nutrition Review With Solutions

This is the verified Q&A solution for the Portage Learning BIOD 121 Nutrition Module 6.1 Exam, covering Proper Nutrition Throughout Development. This essential review focuses on maternal and infant health, including the three stages of development (blastogenic, embryonic, fetal), recommended weight gain by trimester, and crucial micronutrient needs (especially Folate and Iron). Getty Images Master complex topics such as the management of pregnancy-related conditions like Heartburn, Morning Sickness, Gestational Diabetes, and Preeclampsia. The guide also provides detailed Q&A on Lactation and Breastfeeding, including the roles of the key hormones Prolactin and Oxytocin, the benefits of colostrum, and the higher calorie and fluid needs post-delivery. Use this document to guarantee a passing score on the module and reinforce your understanding of life cycle nutrition. BIOD 121 Module 6.1 Exam | Portage Learning Pregnancy & Lactation Q&A 2026 | Maternal Nutrition Review conception, as well as throughout the pregnancy, is strongly recommended for those trying to conceive. - Correct Answer-months A healthy body weight, properly controlling existing health conditions. and the avoidance improve the odds of a healthy pregnancy for both mom and baby. - Correct Answer- teratogens moms are especially at high risk as they are more likely to not seek proper care during their pregnancy. - Correct Answer-Teen Pregnancy can be defined by several key developmental stages: - Correct Answer-- fertilization - blastogenic stage - embryonic stage - end of first trimester - fetal stage developmental stage: fertilization - Correct Answer-(day 0) an egg and sperm unite and produce a zygote developmental stage: blastogenic stage - Correct Answer-(day 1-14) a period of rapid cell division * day 14 an embryo is formed developmental stage: embryonic stage - Correct Answer-(week 2-8) the organ system develops - week 5 the heart begins to beat -week 8 the embryo is now known as fetus developmental stage: end of first trimester - Correct Answer-most organs are formed, and the fetus can move developmental stage: fetal stage - Correct Answer-(week 9-40) period of continual growth and development Beginning at conception, an egg and sperm unite to produce a . - Correct Answer-zygote The length of a pregnancy is approximately weeks. - Correct Answer-40 Pregnancy is divided into 3 trimesters: - Correct Answer-- first trimester - second trimester - third trimester first trimester: - Correct Answer-- many women do not realize they are pregnant (until 2nd month) - moms need to eliminate harmful substances from their diets and lifestyles prior to conception to give the development and growth a fetus the best environment. - quality of mother's diet is more important than quantity second trimester: - Correct Answer-- development of hands, feet, arms, and legs occurs - fetus begins to resemble a baby - expecting mother is experiencing physiological changes to her body in order to support the pregnancy and prepare for birth third trimester: - Correct Answer-- critical period of growth as the fetus will double in length - fetus increases in weight to approximately 7-9 pounds Benchmark period for an infant to be born is after weeks of gestation. A baby weighing greater than pounds has a more positive outcome, less chance of medical issues, and an overall better quality of life. - Correct Answer-37; 5.5 An infant born prior to 37 weeks is referred to as . They are likely to have increased medical conditions and delayed growth in their early months of life. - Correct Answer-preterm Low birth weight (LBW): - Correct Answer-an infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds, regardless of their gestational age Small for gestational age (SGA): - Correct Answer-an infant small in size, measured relative to its gestational stage An infant born at 35 weeks and weighing 5 pounds would be considered but not , as 5 pounds at 35 weeks is within the normal range. - Correct Answer-LBW; SGA calories: - Correct Answer-- quality is more important than quantity during the first trimester - make certain mom is eating all the vitamins and minerals needed for a healthy pregnancy - avoid foods high in fats and sugars; focus on nutrient dense foods -nutrients increase 50%v during pregnancy - calories during 2nd and 3rd trimester only increase approx. 20% adequate weight gain: - Correct Answer-- healthy weight gain is about 25-35 pounds - 1-4 pounds during the first trimester and then 1 pound per week during the remainder of the pregnancy - chance of complications increases when a pregnant mom is overweight/obese or if the baby is larger than normal the latest recommendations of weight gain for a full-term pregnancy: - Correct Answer-- underweight: 28-40 pounds - normal: 25-35 pounds - overweight: 15-25 pounds - obese: 11-20 pounds increased protein and carbohydrate needs: - Correct Answer-- most women eat adequate amounts of protein in their normal diet - pregnant moms require an additional 25 grams per day above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), but this is easily met without dietary changes - they are required to meet energy needs and for growth - inadequate intake leads to body using fat for energy needs and ketones will be produced which inhibit brain development vitamin needs: - Correct Answer-- demand increases during pregnancy, especially for the B vitamins - extra needs are easily met through a normal diet, with exception of folate - careful meal planning may be necessary increased mineral needs: - Correct Answer-- especially true if iodide, zinc, iron, and calcium - intake of animal products and iodized salt, plus fortified cereal will help meet the iodide and zinc needs - iron is required to make hemoglobin for red blood cells - increased blood volume during pregnancy makes iron required in larger amounts as well as to provide iron stores to fetus fitness and teratogens: - Correct Answer-- moderate levels of physical activity are encouraged daily - teratogens are compounds that can increase the risk of a birth defect (i.e. caffeine, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco_ tobacco: - Correct Answer-increase risk for miscarriage alcohol: - Correct Answer-linked to a risk for fetal alcohol syndrome, which results in physical and mental disabilities and growth retardation drugs: - Correct Answer-increases the risk for low birth weight, preterm delivery, miscarriage, birth defects, and infant addiction a balanced diet: - Correct Answer-- dietary recommendations during pregnancy are important to ensure proper nutrient intake - consist of whole grains, a variety of fruits, a variety of colorful vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, healthy fats, and protein - plant and animal sources of protein should be included, with lean cuts of meat being preferred (processed should be avoided as well as some fish as they may contain high mercury) - prenatal vitamin may be prescribed by the women's doctor to meet any additional vitamin and mineral requirements Heart burn: - Correct Answer-- occurs when the backflow of stomach acid enters the esophagus and causes a burning sensation - hormones produced by the placenta relax muscles in the gastrointestinal tract responsible for preventing this backflow - prevent by avoiding foods that trigger the reflux (varies for each women), spicy foods, and laying down for an hour after a meal morning sickness (pregnant-related nausea): - Correct Answer-- may interfere with a women's intake and can be even triggered by the smell of food - prevent by avoiding greasy foods, eating smaller meals, having good ventilation when cooking, and avoiding large amounts of liquid at one time - may occur throughout any time of the day and throughout the entire pregnancy constipation: - Correct Answer-- condition defined by difficulty emptying the bowels - as the fetus grows, intestinal muscles relax - bowel movements require the constriction of intestinal muscle, this relaxing often hinders the natural process - alleviate by increasing fiber from whole grains, fruits and vegetables, as well as increased fluid consumption will help as well as moderate exercise with your physician's approval will also help to keep the GI tract functioning properly other special situations during pregnancy can have more severe health consequences: - Correct Answer-physiological anemia, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and pica physiological anemia: - Correct Answer-- occurs during pregnancy as the blood volume increases and the concentration of red blood cells is diluted - if iron intake is too low to meet the increased needs of pregnancy, anemia develops - negative consequences for mom and baby gestational diabetes: - Correct Answer-- may occur after the 20th week of pregnancy, often occurring between the 24th-28th week of pregnancy - hormones synthesized by the placenta may interfere with insulin production and blood glucose control preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension): - Correct Answer-- in the early form, or eclampsia in the severe form, can be dangerous to both the mother and fetus - edema, or swelling of the tissues, occurs as well as increased blood pressure, protein in the urine, and changes in blood clotting - left untreated, kidney failure, convulsions, and death may result - women under the age of 17 or over 35 those with a family history of pregnancy- induced hypertension, and overweight and obese women are most at risk - good dietary intake with additional calcium and potassium as well as limited sodium appears to help prevent this disorder pica: - Correct Answer-- abnormal craving for both food and nonfood items - should be discussed with pregnant women's physician - usually caused by a nutrient deficiency that once corrected eliminates the cravings the number of women who choose to breastfeed falls below the recommendations as outlined by . - Correct Answer-Healthy People education: - Correct Answer-- misinformation about breastfeeding can cause a woman to choose formula over breast milk - obstetricians and nurses can help dispel the misinformation and guide the new mom through the process - short hospital stays following delivery has had a negative effect on the number of women who choose to breastfeed - new mothers need knowledge and support over the first week to ensure that feeding is going well - lactation consultants are a valuable resource for information social concerns: - Correct Answer-- related to feeding the baby in public places: women should be assured that breastfeeding can be done modestly and successfully almost anywhere working: - Correct Answer-- outside the home can make breastfeeding difficult - breast pumps can be used to secrete milk that can then be stored in the refrigerator or freezer - this milk can be used in a bottle during the day while the baby can continue to nurse in the evenings - if this becomes too difficult to manage, a combination of formula and breast milk may be a good compromise physical inability to nurse: - Correct Answer--a reality for some women (it is impossible to nurse due to breast or nipple structure) - sometimes the demands of the baby are too great and advice from other moms may help solve the problems - for some formula feeding may be the best option for both the baby and the mom - in underdeveloped countries, breastfeeding is usually the healthiest choice for the infant due to lack of sanitary water and limited education about formula preparation could cause illness if the infant is formula fed during pregnancy, the body readies the breasts for breastfeeding by increasing the amount of in the breast tissue and maturation of the structure. - Correct Answer-fat Hormones stimulate the changes in the breasts to make ready for feeding and they produce sac-like structures in the breast milk storage called . - Correct Answer-lobules after birth, the hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland to produce milk. - Correct Answer-prolactin milk ducts in the breasts. - Correct Answer-letdown reflex stimulates the lobules in the breast, which in turn stimulates the letdown reflux. - Correct Answer-oxytocin It normally takes weeks for a feeding routine to be established and for milk supply to meet demands. - Correct Answer-2-3 weeks the first few days following delivery, , a thick yellowish substance, is secreted from the breast. It is rich in protein and immune factors, which protect the intestinal health of the newborn. - Correct Answer-colostrum A mother's milk is able to change composition changes to meet the infant's individual . - Correct Answer-requirements Answer-12 to ensure adequate milk production, the breastfeeding mom needs to take care of herself by: - Correct Answer-- getting plenty of rest - finding a relaxed atmosphere in which to nurse - eating healthy nutrient needs during are similar to what a women needs during the second and third semesters of her pregnancy. The requirement for vitamins A,E,C, and riboflavin as well as several minerals increase. - Correct Answer-lactation Calorie needs are during lactation than during pregnancy. - Correct Answer-higher cups of fluid will allow adequate milk production - Correct Answer-13 calories, moderate amounts of fat, and a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and dairy products will meet the nutritional needs of the lactating female. - Correct Answer-1800 breastfeeding helps mom to recover more from pregnancy and return to their pre-pregnancy weight. It is also convenient and economical. - Correct Answer- quickly breastfeeding linked to lower risk in infants: - Correct Answer-- ear infections -stomach viruses - diarrhea - respiratory infections - Atopic dermatitis - asthma - obesity - type 1 and type 2 diabetes - childhood leukemia - sudden infant death syndrome or SIDS - Necrotizing enterocolitis, a disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract in pre-term infants breastfeeding is linked to a lower risk in moms: - Correct Answer-- type 2 diabetes - breast cancer - Ovarian cancer - Postpartum depression (PPD) ** studies are still looking at the effects of breastfeeding on osteoporosis