UNITY OF FORM & FUNCTION
2026 FULL STUDY MANUAL |
COMPREHENSIVE CHAPTER
REVIEWS & PRACTICE
CONCEPTS || UPDATED 2026
VERSION
Chapter 1: The Human Organism
1. Q: What is the core principle expressed by the phrase "unity of form and function"?
A: Anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) are inseparable; the structure of an
organ determines what function it can perform.
2. Q: Which level of structural organization is represented by a mitochondrion?
A: Cellular level.
3. Q: What is the correct order of structural hierarchy from simplest to most complex?
A: Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.
4. Q: The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is called:
A: Homeostasis.
5. Q: Which feedback mechanism amplifies a change away from a set point, like in
childbirth?
A: Positive feedback.
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
6. Q: What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
A: Covalent bond.
,7. Q: A substance with a pH of 3 is considered a(n) ______.
A: Acid.
8. Q: Dehydration synthesis reactions are used to build which type of polymer from monomers?
A: Polymers like proteins, glycogen, and nucleic acids.
9. Q: Which carbohydrate is the primary form of stored energy in animals?
A: Glycogen.
10. Q: What level of protein structure is defined by the sequence of amino acids?
A: Primary structure.
Chapter 3: Cellular Form & Function
11. Q: The "gatekeeper" of the cell that regulates passage of materials is the:
A: Plasma membrane.
12. Q: Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production?
A: Mitochondrion.
13. Q: What process uses a carrier protein to move a substance down its concentration gradient
without ATP?
A: Facilitated diffusion.
14. Q: The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs is:
A: S phase (of Interphase).
15. Q: Osmosis is the diffusion of ______ across a selectively permeable membrane.
A: Water.
Chapter 4: Genetics & Cellular Function
16. Q: The process of making an RNA copy from a DNA template is called:
A: Transcription.
17. Q: Where in the cell does translation occur?
A: Ribosomes (in the cytoplasm/RER).
18. Q: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA is a:
A: Gene.
19. Q: Which nucleic acid carries the anticodon and delivers amino acids during translation?
A: tRNA (transfer RNA).
20. Q: A mutation that changes a single nucleotide and leads to a different amino acid is a
______ mutation.
A: Missense mutation.
Chapter 5: Histology
21. Q: What are the four primary types of tissues in the human body?
A: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.
, 22. Q: Which type of epithelium is best suited for rapid diffusion, as found in the alveoli of
lungs?
A: Simple squamous epithelium.
23. Q: What protein provides strength and flexibility to dense connective tissue?
A: Collagen fibers.
24. Q: The matrix of blood tissue is called:
A: Plasma.
25. Q: Which type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?
A: Endocrine gland.
Chapter 6: The Integumentary System
26. Q: What are the two main layers of the skin?
A: Epidermis and Dermis.
27. Q: Which cells in the epidermis produce the pigment melanin?
A: Melanocytes.
28. Q: What protein waterproofs and toughens the keratinocytes of the epidermis?
A: Keratin.
29. Q: The primary function of sebum is to:
A: Lubricate the skin and hair and inhibit bacterial growth.
30. Q: Which type of sweat gland (eccrine/apocrine) is primarily involved in thermoregulation?
A: Eccrine glands.
Chapter 7: Bone Tissue
31. Q: The functional unit of compact bone is the:
A: Osteon (Haversian system).
32. Q: Which bone cells are responsible for bone resorption (breakdown)?
A: Osteoclasts.
33. Q: What is the process of blood cell formation called, which occurs in red bone marrow?
A: Hematopoiesis.
34. Q: Endochondral ossification is the process of forming bone from a ______ model.
A: Hyaline cartilage.
35. Q: Which hormone is the primary regulator of blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast
activity?
A: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System
36. Q: The axial skeleton includes all of the following except: Skull, Vertebral Column, Pelvic
Girdle, Rib Cage.
2026 FULL STUDY MANUAL |
COMPREHENSIVE CHAPTER
REVIEWS & PRACTICE
CONCEPTS || UPDATED 2026
VERSION
Chapter 1: The Human Organism
1. Q: What is the core principle expressed by the phrase "unity of form and function"?
A: Anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) are inseparable; the structure of an
organ determines what function it can perform.
2. Q: Which level of structural organization is represented by a mitochondrion?
A: Cellular level.
3. Q: What is the correct order of structural hierarchy from simplest to most complex?
A: Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.
4. Q: The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is called:
A: Homeostasis.
5. Q: Which feedback mechanism amplifies a change away from a set point, like in
childbirth?
A: Positive feedback.
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
6. Q: What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
A: Covalent bond.
,7. Q: A substance with a pH of 3 is considered a(n) ______.
A: Acid.
8. Q: Dehydration synthesis reactions are used to build which type of polymer from monomers?
A: Polymers like proteins, glycogen, and nucleic acids.
9. Q: Which carbohydrate is the primary form of stored energy in animals?
A: Glycogen.
10. Q: What level of protein structure is defined by the sequence of amino acids?
A: Primary structure.
Chapter 3: Cellular Form & Function
11. Q: The "gatekeeper" of the cell that regulates passage of materials is the:
A: Plasma membrane.
12. Q: Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production?
A: Mitochondrion.
13. Q: What process uses a carrier protein to move a substance down its concentration gradient
without ATP?
A: Facilitated diffusion.
14. Q: The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs is:
A: S phase (of Interphase).
15. Q: Osmosis is the diffusion of ______ across a selectively permeable membrane.
A: Water.
Chapter 4: Genetics & Cellular Function
16. Q: The process of making an RNA copy from a DNA template is called:
A: Transcription.
17. Q: Where in the cell does translation occur?
A: Ribosomes (in the cytoplasm/RER).
18. Q: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA is a:
A: Gene.
19. Q: Which nucleic acid carries the anticodon and delivers amino acids during translation?
A: tRNA (transfer RNA).
20. Q: A mutation that changes a single nucleotide and leads to a different amino acid is a
______ mutation.
A: Missense mutation.
Chapter 5: Histology
21. Q: What are the four primary types of tissues in the human body?
A: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.
, 22. Q: Which type of epithelium is best suited for rapid diffusion, as found in the alveoli of
lungs?
A: Simple squamous epithelium.
23. Q: What protein provides strength and flexibility to dense connective tissue?
A: Collagen fibers.
24. Q: The matrix of blood tissue is called:
A: Plasma.
25. Q: Which type of gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?
A: Endocrine gland.
Chapter 6: The Integumentary System
26. Q: What are the two main layers of the skin?
A: Epidermis and Dermis.
27. Q: Which cells in the epidermis produce the pigment melanin?
A: Melanocytes.
28. Q: What protein waterproofs and toughens the keratinocytes of the epidermis?
A: Keratin.
29. Q: The primary function of sebum is to:
A: Lubricate the skin and hair and inhibit bacterial growth.
30. Q: Which type of sweat gland (eccrine/apocrine) is primarily involved in thermoregulation?
A: Eccrine glands.
Chapter 7: Bone Tissue
31. Q: The functional unit of compact bone is the:
A: Osteon (Haversian system).
32. Q: Which bone cells are responsible for bone resorption (breakdown)?
A: Osteoclasts.
33. Q: What is the process of blood cell formation called, which occurs in red bone marrow?
A: Hematopoiesis.
34. Q: Endochondral ossification is the process of forming bone from a ______ model.
A: Hyaline cartilage.
35. Q: Which hormone is the primary regulator of blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast
activity?
A: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System
36. Q: The axial skeleton includes all of the following except: Skull, Vertebral Column, Pelvic
Girdle, Rib Cage.
