NU 300 EXAM 1- CANCER, CULTURE,
PAIN, MED-SURG NURSING
QUESTIONS & DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS
what is the stimulus for the conversion of normal cells to malignant cells? - CORRECT ANSWER
Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby
normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. The process is characterized by changes at the
cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division.
Oncogenes start the reproduction process, suppressor genes halt cellular reproduction
benign vs malignant cells - CORRECT ANSWER BENIGN:
does not spread
controlled growth rate
smaller cell nucleus
non-cancerous
MALIGNANT:
migrates
rapid and uncontrolled growth
chromosomal abnormalities
grading system for cellular characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER Grading addresses how
malignant a tumor is. The more aggressive and less similarity to the tissue of origin, the higher
the grade.
The higher the grade, the poorer the outcome
,Gx:
grade not determined
G1:
well differentiated
low grade of malignant change
malignant and strong growing
G2:
more moderately differentiated
G3:
poorly differentiated
few normal characteristics
G4:
no normal characteristics
finding tissue of origin is nearly impossible
TNM staging for cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Primary tumor (T)
Tx, To, Tis, T 1-4
Regional Lymph Nodes
Nx, No, N 1-3
Distant Metastasis
,Mx, Mo, M 1
etiological factors of cancer
Who are the people at the highest risk for cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER Exposure to
Carcinogens:
Chemical
Physical
Viral
Dietary
Genetic Predisposition
Immunocompromised patients
prevention strategies for cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Primary prevention:
modify lifestyle
remove risk tissues (moles, breasts, ovaries, etc)
vaccinations
genetic testing
Secondary:
screening (mammogram, 40 y.o.; colonoscopy, 50 y.o.; etc)
S/S of cancer nurses should screen for - CORRECT ANSWER Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
, Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or moles
Nagging cough or hoarseness
how does cancer impact the following? - CORRECT ANSWER BONE MARROW:
suppresses WBC and RBC production
MOTOR AND SENSORY:
Invasion of bone, brain, nerves
Pain
Bone metastasis- pain, fractures, spinal cord compression & hypercalcemia which leads to
decreased mobility
PSYCHOSOCIAL:
fear
NEUROLOGICAL:
Peripheral Neuropathy
PAIN, MED-SURG NURSING
QUESTIONS & DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS
what is the stimulus for the conversion of normal cells to malignant cells? - CORRECT ANSWER
Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby
normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. The process is characterized by changes at the
cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division.
Oncogenes start the reproduction process, suppressor genes halt cellular reproduction
benign vs malignant cells - CORRECT ANSWER BENIGN:
does not spread
controlled growth rate
smaller cell nucleus
non-cancerous
MALIGNANT:
migrates
rapid and uncontrolled growth
chromosomal abnormalities
grading system for cellular characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER Grading addresses how
malignant a tumor is. The more aggressive and less similarity to the tissue of origin, the higher
the grade.
The higher the grade, the poorer the outcome
,Gx:
grade not determined
G1:
well differentiated
low grade of malignant change
malignant and strong growing
G2:
more moderately differentiated
G3:
poorly differentiated
few normal characteristics
G4:
no normal characteristics
finding tissue of origin is nearly impossible
TNM staging for cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Primary tumor (T)
Tx, To, Tis, T 1-4
Regional Lymph Nodes
Nx, No, N 1-3
Distant Metastasis
,Mx, Mo, M 1
etiological factors of cancer
Who are the people at the highest risk for cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER Exposure to
Carcinogens:
Chemical
Physical
Viral
Dietary
Genetic Predisposition
Immunocompromised patients
prevention strategies for cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Primary prevention:
modify lifestyle
remove risk tissues (moles, breasts, ovaries, etc)
vaccinations
genetic testing
Secondary:
screening (mammogram, 40 y.o.; colonoscopy, 50 y.o.; etc)
S/S of cancer nurses should screen for - CORRECT ANSWER Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
, Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or moles
Nagging cough or hoarseness
how does cancer impact the following? - CORRECT ANSWER BONE MARROW:
suppresses WBC and RBC production
MOTOR AND SENSORY:
Invasion of bone, brain, nerves
Pain
Bone metastasis- pain, fractures, spinal cord compression & hypercalcemia which leads to
decreased mobility
PSYCHOSOCIAL:
fear
NEUROLOGICAL:
Peripheral Neuropathy
