MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, SIXTH EDITION
. . . . . .
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND GENOMES
. . .
©.Garland.Science.2015
1.
Scientists.discover.more.than.ten.thousand.new.species.of.living.organisms.every.year..What.i
s.shared.between.all.of.these.organisms?
A. They.are.made.of.cells,.whose.nuclei.enclose.their.DNA.
B. They.obtain.their.energy.from.sunlight.
C. They.produce.and.use.adenosine.triphosphate.(ATP).
D. Their.genome.contains.at.least.1000.genes.
E. All.of.the.above.
2. All.cells.…
A. have.membrane.transport.proteins.
B. synthesize.proteins.on.the.ribosome.
C. replicate.their.genome.by.DNA.polymerization.
D. transcribe.their.genetic.information.by.RNA.polymerization.
E. All.of.the.above.
3.
Imagine.a.segment.of.DNA.(within.a.gene).encoding.a.certain.amount.of.information.in.its.nuc
leotide.sequence..When.this.segment.is.fully.transcribed.into.mRNA.and.then.translated.into.protein,.i
n.general,.…
A.
the.protein.sequence.would.carry.more.information.compared.to.the.DNA.and.mRNA.
sequences,.because.its.alphabet.has.20.letters.
B.
the.protein.sequence.would.carry.less.information.compared.to.the.DNA.and.mRNA.s
equences,.because.several.codons.can.correspond.to.one.amino.acid.
C.
the.amount.of.information.in.the.mRNA.sequence.is.lower,.because.the.mRNA.has.bee
n.transcribed.using.only.one.of.the.DNA.strands.as.the.template.
, D.
the.amount.of.information.in.the.mRNA.sequence.is.higher,.because.several.mRNA.m
olecules.can.be.transcribed.from.one.DNA.molecule.
4.
Which.of.the.following.processes.that.happens.inside.a.cell.DOES.NOT.normally.require.cons
umption.of.free.energy.by.the.cell?
A. Replication.of.the.genetic.material
B. Import.of.nutrients.from.the.environment
C. Diffusion.of.small.molecules.within.the.cell
D. Regulation.of.gene.expression
E. Synthesis.of.enzymes.that.catalyze.cellular.reactions
5. Which.of.the.following.would.you.NOT.expect.to.find.in.a.bacterial.cell?
A. Swimming.using.flagella
B. Having.a.cell.wall.around.the.plasma.membrane
C. ATP.production.in.mitochondria
D. Protein.production.on.the.ribosome
E. Sexual.exchange.of.DNA.with.other.bacteria
6.
.To.trace.family.relationships.between.distantly.related.organisms.such.as.humans,.algae,.bact
eria,.and.archaea,.one.should.compare.their.genomes.in.regions.…
A. that.evolve.rapidly.
B. that.have.a.higher.mutation.rate.
C. that.code.for.proteins.
D. where.mutations.are.hardly.tolerated.
E. where.most.mutations.are.selectively.neutral.
7.
.Laboratory.strains.of.the.model.organism.Escherichia.coli.that.are.resistant.to.antibiotics.are.v
ery.often.used.in.research.laboratories.as.well.as.in.the.biotechnology.industry..If.cultures.of.such.bact
eria.were.allowed.to.contaminate.the.environment.uncontrollably,.it.is.possible.that.at.some.point,.pat
hogenic.bacteria.such.as.Neisseria.meningitidis.(which.causes.meningitis.and.can.cause.death,.especi
ally.in.children).could.acquire.the.same.antibiotic-
,resistance.gene,.causing.a.meningitis.outbreak.that.is.difficult.to.treat..In.this.scenario,.which.of.the.fol
lowing.mechanisms.is.a.more.likely.source.of.the.antibiotic-resistance.gene.in.N..meningitidis?
A. Random.new.gene.generation
B. Intragenic.mutation
C. Gene.duplication
D. DNA.segment.shuffling
E. Horizontal.gene.transfer
8. A.virus.…
A. is.a.type.of.cell.
B. has.genetic.material.made.of.proteins.
C. can.only.infect.a.single.host.species.
D. can.act.as.a.vector.for.gene.transfer.
E. cannot.persist.in.its.host.for.more.than.one.cell.generation..
9. Which.of.the.following.does.NOT.typically.involve.horizontal.gene.transfer?.
A. Sexual.reproduction.in.humans
B. Bacteriophage.infection.of.bacteria
C. The.evolutionary.history.of.the.eukaryotic.cell
D.
The.accidental.duplication.of.a.small.region.of.a.bacterial.chromosome.followed.by.ce
ll.division
E. Introduction.of.plasmids.into.bacteria.in.a.laboratory.
10.
Gene.duplication.can.give.rise.to.homologous.genes.that.are.part.of.gene.families..For.example
,.there.are.six.actin.genes.in.the.genome.of.most.mammalian.species..In.humans,.the.ACTB.gene,.which
.encodes.a.cytoskeletal.actin,.is.expressed.ubiquitously,.while.ACTC1.is.expressed.mainly.in.cardiac.c
ells..Although.bacteria.lack.the.eukaryotic.cytoskeletal.organization,.the.bacterial.MreB.gene.bears.re
cognizable.sequence.similarity.to.mammalian.actin.genes.and.codes.for.a.protein.that.is.similar.to.acti
n.in.structure.and.function..Which.of.the.following.statements.is.true.about.these.genes?
A. ACTB.is.homologous.to.ACTC1.but.not.to.MreB.
B. ACTB.is.orthologous.to.ACTC1.but.not.to.MreB.
C. ACTB.is.paralogous.to.ACTC1.but.not.to.MreB.
D. MreB.is.orthologous.to.ACTB.but.not.to.ACTC1.
E. ACTB.is.paralogous.to.both.ACTC1.and.MreB.
, 11. Out.of.nearly.5000.protein-
coding.gene.families,.there.is.a.set.of.nearly.300.conserved.gene.families.that.are.found.in.species.from.
all.domains.of.life..When.one.looks.at.the.general.functions.assigned.to.these.gene.families,.it.is.found.t
hat.…
A. the.majority.of.them.function.in.cell-to-cell.signaling.
B. the.majority.of.them.are.poorly.characterized.
C. more.than.one-
third.of.them.are.involved.in.translation.or.amino.acid.transport.and.metabolism.
D. more.than.one-
half.of.the.shared.families.are.involved.in.DNA.replication.and.transcription.
E. Nearly.all.of.them.are.involved.in.energy.production.and.carbohydrate.metabolism.
12. Which.of.the.following.is.true.regarding.Escherichia.coli?
A. Most.of.our.understanding.about.mitosis.comes.from.studies.on.this.model.organism.
B. It.is.a.rod-shaped.bacterium.that.can.only.grow.in.the.gut.of.humans.and.other.vertebrates.
C. Two.strains.of.E..coli.can.differ.by.up.to.0.1%.in.their.genomes.
D. E..coli.strain.K-12.encodes.about.4300.proteins.
E. The.E..coli.(strain.K-12).genome.is.about.430.million.nucleotide.pairs.long.
13. Which.of.the.following.is.NOT.true.regarding.the.tree.of.life?
A. Most.bacteria.and.archaea.have.1000.to.6000.genes.in.their.genomes.
B.
Eukaryotes.are.more.similar.to.archaea.than.to.bacteria.with.respect.to.the.proteins.that.
act.on.their.DNA.
C.
Most.bacteria.and.archaea.have.genome.sizes.between.one.and.ten.million.nucleotide.
pairs,.whereas.eukaryotic.genomes.can.be.millions.of.times.larger.
D.
Archaeal.species.were.thought.to.belong.to.the.eukaryotic.world.before.sequence.anal
ysis.placed.them.in.a.separate.domain.of.life.
E. Photosynthetic.bacteria.are.thought.to.be.the.ancestors.of.the.eukaryotic.chloroplasts.
14. A.mutation.in.the.cdc28.gene.in.the.budding.yeast.Saccharomyces.cerevisiae.causes.cell-
cycle.arrest,.giving.rise.to.unbudded.cells.that.look.like.“dumbbells.”.Treatment.of.wild-
. . . . . .
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND GENOMES
. . .
©.Garland.Science.2015
1.
Scientists.discover.more.than.ten.thousand.new.species.of.living.organisms.every.year..What.i
s.shared.between.all.of.these.organisms?
A. They.are.made.of.cells,.whose.nuclei.enclose.their.DNA.
B. They.obtain.their.energy.from.sunlight.
C. They.produce.and.use.adenosine.triphosphate.(ATP).
D. Their.genome.contains.at.least.1000.genes.
E. All.of.the.above.
2. All.cells.…
A. have.membrane.transport.proteins.
B. synthesize.proteins.on.the.ribosome.
C. replicate.their.genome.by.DNA.polymerization.
D. transcribe.their.genetic.information.by.RNA.polymerization.
E. All.of.the.above.
3.
Imagine.a.segment.of.DNA.(within.a.gene).encoding.a.certain.amount.of.information.in.its.nuc
leotide.sequence..When.this.segment.is.fully.transcribed.into.mRNA.and.then.translated.into.protein,.i
n.general,.…
A.
the.protein.sequence.would.carry.more.information.compared.to.the.DNA.and.mRNA.
sequences,.because.its.alphabet.has.20.letters.
B.
the.protein.sequence.would.carry.less.information.compared.to.the.DNA.and.mRNA.s
equences,.because.several.codons.can.correspond.to.one.amino.acid.
C.
the.amount.of.information.in.the.mRNA.sequence.is.lower,.because.the.mRNA.has.bee
n.transcribed.using.only.one.of.the.DNA.strands.as.the.template.
, D.
the.amount.of.information.in.the.mRNA.sequence.is.higher,.because.several.mRNA.m
olecules.can.be.transcribed.from.one.DNA.molecule.
4.
Which.of.the.following.processes.that.happens.inside.a.cell.DOES.NOT.normally.require.cons
umption.of.free.energy.by.the.cell?
A. Replication.of.the.genetic.material
B. Import.of.nutrients.from.the.environment
C. Diffusion.of.small.molecules.within.the.cell
D. Regulation.of.gene.expression
E. Synthesis.of.enzymes.that.catalyze.cellular.reactions
5. Which.of.the.following.would.you.NOT.expect.to.find.in.a.bacterial.cell?
A. Swimming.using.flagella
B. Having.a.cell.wall.around.the.plasma.membrane
C. ATP.production.in.mitochondria
D. Protein.production.on.the.ribosome
E. Sexual.exchange.of.DNA.with.other.bacteria
6.
.To.trace.family.relationships.between.distantly.related.organisms.such.as.humans,.algae,.bact
eria,.and.archaea,.one.should.compare.their.genomes.in.regions.…
A. that.evolve.rapidly.
B. that.have.a.higher.mutation.rate.
C. that.code.for.proteins.
D. where.mutations.are.hardly.tolerated.
E. where.most.mutations.are.selectively.neutral.
7.
.Laboratory.strains.of.the.model.organism.Escherichia.coli.that.are.resistant.to.antibiotics.are.v
ery.often.used.in.research.laboratories.as.well.as.in.the.biotechnology.industry..If.cultures.of.such.bact
eria.were.allowed.to.contaminate.the.environment.uncontrollably,.it.is.possible.that.at.some.point,.pat
hogenic.bacteria.such.as.Neisseria.meningitidis.(which.causes.meningitis.and.can.cause.death,.especi
ally.in.children).could.acquire.the.same.antibiotic-
,resistance.gene,.causing.a.meningitis.outbreak.that.is.difficult.to.treat..In.this.scenario,.which.of.the.fol
lowing.mechanisms.is.a.more.likely.source.of.the.antibiotic-resistance.gene.in.N..meningitidis?
A. Random.new.gene.generation
B. Intragenic.mutation
C. Gene.duplication
D. DNA.segment.shuffling
E. Horizontal.gene.transfer
8. A.virus.…
A. is.a.type.of.cell.
B. has.genetic.material.made.of.proteins.
C. can.only.infect.a.single.host.species.
D. can.act.as.a.vector.for.gene.transfer.
E. cannot.persist.in.its.host.for.more.than.one.cell.generation..
9. Which.of.the.following.does.NOT.typically.involve.horizontal.gene.transfer?.
A. Sexual.reproduction.in.humans
B. Bacteriophage.infection.of.bacteria
C. The.evolutionary.history.of.the.eukaryotic.cell
D.
The.accidental.duplication.of.a.small.region.of.a.bacterial.chromosome.followed.by.ce
ll.division
E. Introduction.of.plasmids.into.bacteria.in.a.laboratory.
10.
Gene.duplication.can.give.rise.to.homologous.genes.that.are.part.of.gene.families..For.example
,.there.are.six.actin.genes.in.the.genome.of.most.mammalian.species..In.humans,.the.ACTB.gene,.which
.encodes.a.cytoskeletal.actin,.is.expressed.ubiquitously,.while.ACTC1.is.expressed.mainly.in.cardiac.c
ells..Although.bacteria.lack.the.eukaryotic.cytoskeletal.organization,.the.bacterial.MreB.gene.bears.re
cognizable.sequence.similarity.to.mammalian.actin.genes.and.codes.for.a.protein.that.is.similar.to.acti
n.in.structure.and.function..Which.of.the.following.statements.is.true.about.these.genes?
A. ACTB.is.homologous.to.ACTC1.but.not.to.MreB.
B. ACTB.is.orthologous.to.ACTC1.but.not.to.MreB.
C. ACTB.is.paralogous.to.ACTC1.but.not.to.MreB.
D. MreB.is.orthologous.to.ACTB.but.not.to.ACTC1.
E. ACTB.is.paralogous.to.both.ACTC1.and.MreB.
, 11. Out.of.nearly.5000.protein-
coding.gene.families,.there.is.a.set.of.nearly.300.conserved.gene.families.that.are.found.in.species.from.
all.domains.of.life..When.one.looks.at.the.general.functions.assigned.to.these.gene.families,.it.is.found.t
hat.…
A. the.majority.of.them.function.in.cell-to-cell.signaling.
B. the.majority.of.them.are.poorly.characterized.
C. more.than.one-
third.of.them.are.involved.in.translation.or.amino.acid.transport.and.metabolism.
D. more.than.one-
half.of.the.shared.families.are.involved.in.DNA.replication.and.transcription.
E. Nearly.all.of.them.are.involved.in.energy.production.and.carbohydrate.metabolism.
12. Which.of.the.following.is.true.regarding.Escherichia.coli?
A. Most.of.our.understanding.about.mitosis.comes.from.studies.on.this.model.organism.
B. It.is.a.rod-shaped.bacterium.that.can.only.grow.in.the.gut.of.humans.and.other.vertebrates.
C. Two.strains.of.E..coli.can.differ.by.up.to.0.1%.in.their.genomes.
D. E..coli.strain.K-12.encodes.about.4300.proteins.
E. The.E..coli.(strain.K-12).genome.is.about.430.million.nucleotide.pairs.long.
13. Which.of.the.following.is.NOT.true.regarding.the.tree.of.life?
A. Most.bacteria.and.archaea.have.1000.to.6000.genes.in.their.genomes.
B.
Eukaryotes.are.more.similar.to.archaea.than.to.bacteria.with.respect.to.the.proteins.that.
act.on.their.DNA.
C.
Most.bacteria.and.archaea.have.genome.sizes.between.one.and.ten.million.nucleotide.
pairs,.whereas.eukaryotic.genomes.can.be.millions.of.times.larger.
D.
Archaeal.species.were.thought.to.belong.to.the.eukaryotic.world.before.sequence.anal
ysis.placed.them.in.a.separate.domain.of.life.
E. Photosynthetic.bacteria.are.thought.to.be.the.ancestors.of.the.eukaryotic.chloroplasts.
14. A.mutation.in.the.cdc28.gene.in.the.budding.yeast.Saccharomyces.cerevisiae.causes.cell-
cycle.arrest,.giving.rise.to.unbudded.cells.that.look.like.“dumbbells.”.Treatment.of.wild-
