BIO 148 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
what differs viruses from living organisms - Answers they do not contain ribosomes
Characteristics of life - Answers reproduce, grow, respond, cells, DNA, energy
cell theory - Answers A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living
things
Evolution - Answers Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
Fitness - Answers how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
natural selection - Answers A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend
to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
natural selection changes the genetic characteristics of the - Answers population, causes
population to evolve
natural selection acts on - Answers individuals
fitness is determined by - Answers amount of offspring produced.
what is archae most. closely related too - Answers eukarya
Gram-positive bacteria - Answers Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan.
Gram-negative bacteria - Answers Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan
but with lipopolysaccharides.
Very toxic and hard to treat.
Archaea - Answers Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain
peptidoglycan
Eukarya - Answers Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants,
fungi, and animals
Bacteria - Answers (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped
organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission
inner membrane of mitochondria - Answers developed from the plasma membrane of bacteria
Clade - Answers A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
monophyletic group - Answers ALL descendants came from one common ancestor
Watson and Crick - Answers Developed the double helix model of DNA.
, Rosalind Franklin - Answers Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson
and Crick with key data about DNA
Meselson and Stahl - Answers Determined that DNA replication is semiconservative.
sister chromatids - Answers Identical copies of a chromosome; contains 2 DNA molecules and
2 single DNA strands
DNA: parts of nucleotide - Answers deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
chromosome - Answers single, long DNA molecule that is wrapped around proteins
replicated chromosome - Answers Chromosome after DNA synthesis.
Humans contain _____ chromosomes - Answers 46
There are 22 pairs of ___________ and one pair of ___________. - Answers autosomal;sex
G1 - Answers growth
Synthesis - Answers combination
G2 - Answers Cell prepares to divide
M phase - Answers mitosis and cytokinesis
mitosis - Answers division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis - Answers division of the cell
interphase - Answers G1, synthesis, G2
Stages of Mitosis - Answers prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
prophase - Answers Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Metaphase - Answers Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase - Answers Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to
opposite ends of the cell
Telophase - Answers After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
all cells in the body have the same _____ and _____. - Answers DNA and Genes
a change in the amino acid sequence means - Answers change in the structures, shape, and
function
RNA polymerase - Answers Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and
what differs viruses from living organisms - Answers they do not contain ribosomes
Characteristics of life - Answers reproduce, grow, respond, cells, DNA, energy
cell theory - Answers A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living
things
Evolution - Answers Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
Fitness - Answers how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
natural selection - Answers A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend
to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
natural selection changes the genetic characteristics of the - Answers population, causes
population to evolve
natural selection acts on - Answers individuals
fitness is determined by - Answers amount of offspring produced.
what is archae most. closely related too - Answers eukarya
Gram-positive bacteria - Answers Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan.
Gram-negative bacteria - Answers Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan
but with lipopolysaccharides.
Very toxic and hard to treat.
Archaea - Answers Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain
peptidoglycan
Eukarya - Answers Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants,
fungi, and animals
Bacteria - Answers (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped
organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission
inner membrane of mitochondria - Answers developed from the plasma membrane of bacteria
Clade - Answers A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
monophyletic group - Answers ALL descendants came from one common ancestor
Watson and Crick - Answers Developed the double helix model of DNA.
, Rosalind Franklin - Answers Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson
and Crick with key data about DNA
Meselson and Stahl - Answers Determined that DNA replication is semiconservative.
sister chromatids - Answers Identical copies of a chromosome; contains 2 DNA molecules and
2 single DNA strands
DNA: parts of nucleotide - Answers deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
chromosome - Answers single, long DNA molecule that is wrapped around proteins
replicated chromosome - Answers Chromosome after DNA synthesis.
Humans contain _____ chromosomes - Answers 46
There are 22 pairs of ___________ and one pair of ___________. - Answers autosomal;sex
G1 - Answers growth
Synthesis - Answers combination
G2 - Answers Cell prepares to divide
M phase - Answers mitosis and cytokinesis
mitosis - Answers division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis - Answers division of the cell
interphase - Answers G1, synthesis, G2
Stages of Mitosis - Answers prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
prophase - Answers Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Metaphase - Answers Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase - Answers Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to
opposite ends of the cell
Telophase - Answers After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
all cells in the body have the same _____ and _____. - Answers DNA and Genes
a change in the amino acid sequence means - Answers change in the structures, shape, and
function
RNA polymerase - Answers Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and
