MBIO 3401 EXAM-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
metagenome
total DNA sequenced from an environmental or host-associated sample
16S rRNA gene
standard gene used to identify and classify prokaryotes
OTU
operational taxonomic unit defined by 16S rRNA similarity
rarefaction curve
graph showing how detected OTUs increase with sample size
metagenomics workflow
sample → DNA extraction → sequencing → OTU classification → diversity analysis
deep-branching thermophiles
early-diverging bacteria with extremophile traits and high mutation rates
Chloroflexi
photoheterotrophic thermophiles containing chlorosomes; form hot spring mats
Deinococcus-Thermus
phylum including Thermus (thermophilic) and Deinococcus (radiation-resistant)
Deinococcus radiodurans
,bacterium with extreme resistance to radiation and desiccation
cyanobacteria
only prokaryotes performing oxygenic photosynthesis using both photosystems I and II
cyanobacteria structures
thylakoids, carboxysomes, gas vesicles, heterocysts
heterocyst
specialized nitrogen-fixing cell that protects nitrogenase from oxygen
Gram-positive lineages
Firmicutes (low-GC) and Actinobacteria (high-GC)
teichoic acids
molecules reinforcing Gram-positive cell walls
Firmicutes
low-GC Gram-positive bacteria including spore-formers and pathogens
Bacillus
spore-forming aerobic rods such as B. anthracis and B. subtilis
Clostridium
spore-forming anaerobic rods including C. botulinum and C. perfringens
lactic acid bacteria
, aerotolerant fermenters used in food production (Lactococcus, Lactobacillus)
Listeria monocytogenes
pathogen using actin propulsion for intracellular spread
Staphylococcus
facultative cocci in clusters; includes S. aureus
Streptococcus
aerotolerant cocci in chains; includes S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes
Actinobacteria
high-GC Gram-positive bacteria often forming branching filaments
Streptomyces
filamentous bacteria producing many antibiotics; form arthrospores
Mycobacterium
acid-fast bacteria with mycolic acid walls (TB and leprosy pathogens)
chlorosomes
light-harvesting structures in Chloroflexi
carboxysomes
protein microcompartments where cyanobacteria fix CO₂
gas vesicles
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
metagenome
total DNA sequenced from an environmental or host-associated sample
16S rRNA gene
standard gene used to identify and classify prokaryotes
OTU
operational taxonomic unit defined by 16S rRNA similarity
rarefaction curve
graph showing how detected OTUs increase with sample size
metagenomics workflow
sample → DNA extraction → sequencing → OTU classification → diversity analysis
deep-branching thermophiles
early-diverging bacteria with extremophile traits and high mutation rates
Chloroflexi
photoheterotrophic thermophiles containing chlorosomes; form hot spring mats
Deinococcus-Thermus
phylum including Thermus (thermophilic) and Deinococcus (radiation-resistant)
Deinococcus radiodurans
,bacterium with extreme resistance to radiation and desiccation
cyanobacteria
only prokaryotes performing oxygenic photosynthesis using both photosystems I and II
cyanobacteria structures
thylakoids, carboxysomes, gas vesicles, heterocysts
heterocyst
specialized nitrogen-fixing cell that protects nitrogenase from oxygen
Gram-positive lineages
Firmicutes (low-GC) and Actinobacteria (high-GC)
teichoic acids
molecules reinforcing Gram-positive cell walls
Firmicutes
low-GC Gram-positive bacteria including spore-formers and pathogens
Bacillus
spore-forming aerobic rods such as B. anthracis and B. subtilis
Clostridium
spore-forming anaerobic rods including C. botulinum and C. perfringens
lactic acid bacteria
, aerotolerant fermenters used in food production (Lactococcus, Lactobacillus)
Listeria monocytogenes
pathogen using actin propulsion for intracellular spread
Staphylococcus
facultative cocci in clusters; includes S. aureus
Streptococcus
aerotolerant cocci in chains; includes S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes
Actinobacteria
high-GC Gram-positive bacteria often forming branching filaments
Streptomyces
filamentous bacteria producing many antibiotics; form arthrospores
Mycobacterium
acid-fast bacteria with mycolic acid walls (TB and leprosy pathogens)
chlorosomes
light-harvesting structures in Chloroflexi
carboxysomes
protein microcompartments where cyanobacteria fix CO₂
gas vesicles
