Cell Biology Final Exam Questions
with Complete Answers 2025-2026
Edition.
Lipids - Answer Fat, Cholesterol, terpenes, phospholipids
Histone - Answer Holds chromosomal DNA together
Cristae - Answer Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the
electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer Organizes the macromolecules in a cell
Peroxisome - Answer organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces
hydrogen peroxide
Cytoskeleton - Answer Microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
Chemiosmosis - Answer A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an
electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
Electron Transport Chain - Answer a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons
from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
Enzymes - Answer Molecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, that act as catalysts in
biochemical reactions.
RTK - Answer has a cytoplasmic domain that functions as a tyrosine protein kinase,
phosphorylating tyrosine side chains on intracellular proteins
Synaptic signaling - Answer a more specialized type of local signaling that occurs in the
animal nervous system - an electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of a
chemical signal carried by neurotransmitter molecules
, Stroma - Answer The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved
in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
Krebs Cycle - Answer a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon
dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and
it releases energy
Kinetochores - Answer Anchor on the Sister Chromatid that attaches to the fiber that pulls
the sister chromatids apart.
Spindle apparatus - Answer structure made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers that
is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides
Prophase I - Answer Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous
chromosome to form a tetrad
Anaphase I - Answer The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of
the cell
Metaphase I - Answer The second phase of meiosis I. the paired homologous chromsomes
(tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).
Telophase I - Answer The fourth of meiosis I. the number of chromosoms is now reduced by
half. After this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. Note however, that the chromosomes
are still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis II.
GO Phase - Answer a phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is not dividing and its DNA is
not replicating
Cytokinesis - Answer The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides,
distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.
S phase - Answer The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during
which DNA is replicated.
with Complete Answers 2025-2026
Edition.
Lipids - Answer Fat, Cholesterol, terpenes, phospholipids
Histone - Answer Holds chromosomal DNA together
Cristae - Answer Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the
electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer Organizes the macromolecules in a cell
Peroxisome - Answer organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces
hydrogen peroxide
Cytoskeleton - Answer Microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
Chemiosmosis - Answer A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an
electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
Electron Transport Chain - Answer a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons
from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
Enzymes - Answer Molecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, that act as catalysts in
biochemical reactions.
RTK - Answer has a cytoplasmic domain that functions as a tyrosine protein kinase,
phosphorylating tyrosine side chains on intracellular proteins
Synaptic signaling - Answer a more specialized type of local signaling that occurs in the
animal nervous system - an electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of a
chemical signal carried by neurotransmitter molecules
, Stroma - Answer The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved
in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
Krebs Cycle - Answer a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon
dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and
it releases energy
Kinetochores - Answer Anchor on the Sister Chromatid that attaches to the fiber that pulls
the sister chromatids apart.
Spindle apparatus - Answer structure made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers that
is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides
Prophase I - Answer Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous
chromosome to form a tetrad
Anaphase I - Answer The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of
the cell
Metaphase I - Answer The second phase of meiosis I. the paired homologous chromsomes
(tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).
Telophase I - Answer The fourth of meiosis I. the number of chromosoms is now reduced by
half. After this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. Note however, that the chromosomes
are still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis II.
GO Phase - Answer a phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is not dividing and its DNA is
not replicating
Cytokinesis - Answer The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides,
distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.
S phase - Answer The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during
which DNA is replicated.
