NR 283 Final Exam chamberlain Exam Review
Questions and Correct Answers/ Latest Update /
Already Graded
Locked-in syndrome - ,,,,answer,,,..Individual is aware and capable of
thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate
Brain death - ,,,,answer,,,..-Individuals can be maintained artificially on
cardiopulmonary support systems
Criteria for brain death - ,,,,answer,,,..-Cessation of brain function;
including function of the cortex and the brainstem
-Flat or inactive EEG
-Absence of brainstem reflexes or responses
-Absence of spontaneous respirations when ventilator assistance is
withdrawn
-Establishment of the certainty of irreversible brain damage by
confirmation of cause of dysfunction
Motor dysfunction - ,,,,answer,,,..-Weakness and paralysis
-Hyperreflexia
-Spastic paralysis
-Flaccid
-Decoricate and decerebrate posturing
Hyperreflexia - ,,,,answer,,,..Muscle tone and reflexes may be increased
Flaccid - ,,,,answer,,,..Absence of tone
,Spastic paralysis - ,,,,answer,,,..Leads to immobility resulting contracture
in affected limbs
Sensory deficits with neurologic dysfunction - ,,,,answer,,,..Sensory loss
may involve touch, pain, temperature, and position and the special
senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell
Aphasia - ,,,,answer,,,..Inability to comprehend or express language
Receptive aphasia - ,,,,answer,,,..Damage to Wernicke's area
-Inability to read or understand spoken word
-Source--Inability to process information in the brain
Expressive aphasia - ,,,,answer,,,..Damage to Broca's area
-Impaired ability to speak or write fluently or appropriately
Mixed, global aphasia - ,,,,answer,,,..Damage to both areas or to the
fibers and tracts between them
-Can't express or comprehend others' language
Dysarthria - ,,,,answer,,,..Motor dysfunction affecting muscles used in
speech
Increased intracranial pressure - ,,,,answer,,,..Increase in fluid or
additional mass causes increase in pressure in the brain
-Ischemia and eventual infarction of brain tissue
Neurological problems associated with ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..-Brain
hemorrhage
-Trauma
-Cerebral edema
-Infection
-Tumors
,-Abnormal circulation of CSF
Early signs of ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..-Decreasing level of consciousness or
decreased responsiveness (lethargy)
-Decreased pupillary responses
-Severe headache
-Vomiting; often projectile
-Papilledema
Papilledema - ,,,,answer,,,..Caused by increased ICP and swelling of the
optic disc
Cause of severe headache with ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..Stretching of dura and
walls of large blood vessels
Cause of vomiting with ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..Pressure stimulating the emetic
center in the medulla
Late signs of ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..-Cushing triad
-Pupils become fixed and dilated
-Ptosis
Cushing triad - ,,,,answer,,,..Vital signs, vasomotor centers respond in
attempt to increase arterial blood supply to the brain (cushing reflex)
-Systemic vasoconstriction
-Increase pulse pressure
-Slowing heart rate to respond to hypertension
-Irregular respiration
Systemic vasoconstriction - ,,,,answer,,,..-Increase of systemic blood
pressure
-More blood to the brain to relieve ischemia
, Types of head injury - ,,,,answer,,,..-Skull fracture
-Contusion
-Brain motion
Concussion - ,,,,answer,,,..Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)
-Sudden excessive movement of the brain, disrupting neurologic function
and leading to loss of consciousness
-Reversible
Contusion - ,,,,answer,,,..Bruising of the brain tissue-hematoma
-Possibility of residual damage depends on the force of the blow and the
degree of tissue injury
Primary brain injury - ,,,,answer,,,..Direct injuries
Secondary brain injury - ,,,,answer,,,..Caused be the development of
additional injurious factors:
-Cerebral edema
-Hemorrhage
-Hematoma
-Cerebral vasospasm
-Infection
-Ischemia related to systemic factors
Complications of head injuries - ,,,,answer,,,..-Increased ICP
-Ischemia
-Necrosis
-Loss of vital functions
Spinal cord injury - ,,,,answer,,,..May result from dislocation of fracture of
a vertebra related to flexion, hyperextension, compression, or penetration
injury
Questions and Correct Answers/ Latest Update /
Already Graded
Locked-in syndrome - ,,,,answer,,,..Individual is aware and capable of
thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate
Brain death - ,,,,answer,,,..-Individuals can be maintained artificially on
cardiopulmonary support systems
Criteria for brain death - ,,,,answer,,,..-Cessation of brain function;
including function of the cortex and the brainstem
-Flat or inactive EEG
-Absence of brainstem reflexes or responses
-Absence of spontaneous respirations when ventilator assistance is
withdrawn
-Establishment of the certainty of irreversible brain damage by
confirmation of cause of dysfunction
Motor dysfunction - ,,,,answer,,,..-Weakness and paralysis
-Hyperreflexia
-Spastic paralysis
-Flaccid
-Decoricate and decerebrate posturing
Hyperreflexia - ,,,,answer,,,..Muscle tone and reflexes may be increased
Flaccid - ,,,,answer,,,..Absence of tone
,Spastic paralysis - ,,,,answer,,,..Leads to immobility resulting contracture
in affected limbs
Sensory deficits with neurologic dysfunction - ,,,,answer,,,..Sensory loss
may involve touch, pain, temperature, and position and the special
senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell
Aphasia - ,,,,answer,,,..Inability to comprehend or express language
Receptive aphasia - ,,,,answer,,,..Damage to Wernicke's area
-Inability to read or understand spoken word
-Source--Inability to process information in the brain
Expressive aphasia - ,,,,answer,,,..Damage to Broca's area
-Impaired ability to speak or write fluently or appropriately
Mixed, global aphasia - ,,,,answer,,,..Damage to both areas or to the
fibers and tracts between them
-Can't express or comprehend others' language
Dysarthria - ,,,,answer,,,..Motor dysfunction affecting muscles used in
speech
Increased intracranial pressure - ,,,,answer,,,..Increase in fluid or
additional mass causes increase in pressure in the brain
-Ischemia and eventual infarction of brain tissue
Neurological problems associated with ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..-Brain
hemorrhage
-Trauma
-Cerebral edema
-Infection
-Tumors
,-Abnormal circulation of CSF
Early signs of ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..-Decreasing level of consciousness or
decreased responsiveness (lethargy)
-Decreased pupillary responses
-Severe headache
-Vomiting; often projectile
-Papilledema
Papilledema - ,,,,answer,,,..Caused by increased ICP and swelling of the
optic disc
Cause of severe headache with ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..Stretching of dura and
walls of large blood vessels
Cause of vomiting with ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..Pressure stimulating the emetic
center in the medulla
Late signs of ICP - ,,,,answer,,,..-Cushing triad
-Pupils become fixed and dilated
-Ptosis
Cushing triad - ,,,,answer,,,..Vital signs, vasomotor centers respond in
attempt to increase arterial blood supply to the brain (cushing reflex)
-Systemic vasoconstriction
-Increase pulse pressure
-Slowing heart rate to respond to hypertension
-Irregular respiration
Systemic vasoconstriction - ,,,,answer,,,..-Increase of systemic blood
pressure
-More blood to the brain to relieve ischemia
, Types of head injury - ,,,,answer,,,..-Skull fracture
-Contusion
-Brain motion
Concussion - ,,,,answer,,,..Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)
-Sudden excessive movement of the brain, disrupting neurologic function
and leading to loss of consciousness
-Reversible
Contusion - ,,,,answer,,,..Bruising of the brain tissue-hematoma
-Possibility of residual damage depends on the force of the blow and the
degree of tissue injury
Primary brain injury - ,,,,answer,,,..Direct injuries
Secondary brain injury - ,,,,answer,,,..Caused be the development of
additional injurious factors:
-Cerebral edema
-Hemorrhage
-Hematoma
-Cerebral vasospasm
-Infection
-Ischemia related to systemic factors
Complications of head injuries - ,,,,answer,,,..-Increased ICP
-Ischemia
-Necrosis
-Loss of vital functions
Spinal cord injury - ,,,,answer,,,..May result from dislocation of fracture of
a vertebra related to flexion, hyperextension, compression, or penetration
injury
