Baddeley's model of working memory
1. Central Executive
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, > central executive integrates information from the
phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the
episodic buffer—as well as from long-term memory.
> The central executive is important in such tasks as focusing
attention, selecting strategies, transforming information, and
coordinating behaviour and suppressing irrelevant
information. However, it does not store information.
> helps you decide what not to do, so that you don't
become sidetracked from your primary goal.
> executive decides which topics deserve attention and
which should be ignored.
> executive also selects strategies and decides how to
tackle a problem.
Two Theories of Speech Perception
1. Special Mechanism Approach
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, • The special mechanism approach: AKA: speech-is-special approach,
assumes humans are born with a specialized device that allows us to
decode speech stimuli. As a result, we process speech sounds more
quickly and accurately than other auditory stimuli, like music.
○ Supporters of this theory argue that humans have a phonetic module (aka
speech module), a special neural mechanism that processes all aspects of
speech perception and does not handle any other forms of auditory stimuli.
○ The special mechanisms approach suggests that the brain is organized in
such a way that speech perception would not rely on other general
cognitive functions, or work interrelatedly and in dependence with other
cognitive processes.
- One argument in favour of special mechanisms approach is categorical
perception. When people are exposed to ambiguous sounds, like a sound
between b and p, they tend to hear these sounds as clear cut b or p,
suggesting they showed categorical perception.
Two Theories of Speech Perception
2. General Mechanism Approaches
Give this one a try later!
• The General Mechanism Approaches: Most theorists favour this
approach. The general mechanisms approach argues that we can explain
speech perception without proposing any special phonetic module, or that
humans use the same neural mechanisms to process both speech sounds
and nonspeech sounds. Speech perception would therefore be a learned
ability. Brain studies demonstrate that adults show the same sequence of
shifts in the brain's electrical potential, whether they are listening to speech,
or music.
Visual System:
What is “distal stimulus,” and “proximal stimulus.”
, Give this one a try later!
○ Distal Stimulus: The actual object that is "out there" in the environment ie:
pen or lamp on my desk.
○ Proximal Stimulus: The information registered on sensory receptors, ie:
the image that the pen on my desk creates on my retina.
Process: Object recognition is when we are trying to figure out the identity
of the distal stimulus even when info of the proximal stimulus is far from
perfect. Ex. In the oval and 2 horizontal lines image, you recognized a
human face even though it lacked a nose, mouth or ears. We recognize
shape, better than color or texture when identifying objects (THEME 2 -
efficient at recognizing patterns).
Neuroscience Imagery Methods
5. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
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records magnetic field fluctuations produced by neural activity during the
processing of stimuli presented to participants
- Provides time course info like ERP but also provides coarse-grained info
about neural sources responsible for the observed fluctuations
What is "word superiority effect"? How is word superiority effect related to top-down
processing?
Give this one a try later!
• word superiority effect: we can identify a single letter more accurately
and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it
appears alone or in a meaningless string of unrelated letters
1. Central Executive
Give this one a try later!
, > central executive integrates information from the
phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the
episodic buffer—as well as from long-term memory.
> The central executive is important in such tasks as focusing
attention, selecting strategies, transforming information, and
coordinating behaviour and suppressing irrelevant
information. However, it does not store information.
> helps you decide what not to do, so that you don't
become sidetracked from your primary goal.
> executive decides which topics deserve attention and
which should be ignored.
> executive also selects strategies and decides how to
tackle a problem.
Two Theories of Speech Perception
1. Special Mechanism Approach
Give this one a try later!
, • The special mechanism approach: AKA: speech-is-special approach,
assumes humans are born with a specialized device that allows us to
decode speech stimuli. As a result, we process speech sounds more
quickly and accurately than other auditory stimuli, like music.
○ Supporters of this theory argue that humans have a phonetic module (aka
speech module), a special neural mechanism that processes all aspects of
speech perception and does not handle any other forms of auditory stimuli.
○ The special mechanisms approach suggests that the brain is organized in
such a way that speech perception would not rely on other general
cognitive functions, or work interrelatedly and in dependence with other
cognitive processes.
- One argument in favour of special mechanisms approach is categorical
perception. When people are exposed to ambiguous sounds, like a sound
between b and p, they tend to hear these sounds as clear cut b or p,
suggesting they showed categorical perception.
Two Theories of Speech Perception
2. General Mechanism Approaches
Give this one a try later!
• The General Mechanism Approaches: Most theorists favour this
approach. The general mechanisms approach argues that we can explain
speech perception without proposing any special phonetic module, or that
humans use the same neural mechanisms to process both speech sounds
and nonspeech sounds. Speech perception would therefore be a learned
ability. Brain studies demonstrate that adults show the same sequence of
shifts in the brain's electrical potential, whether they are listening to speech,
or music.
Visual System:
What is “distal stimulus,” and “proximal stimulus.”
, Give this one a try later!
○ Distal Stimulus: The actual object that is "out there" in the environment ie:
pen or lamp on my desk.
○ Proximal Stimulus: The information registered on sensory receptors, ie:
the image that the pen on my desk creates on my retina.
Process: Object recognition is when we are trying to figure out the identity
of the distal stimulus even when info of the proximal stimulus is far from
perfect. Ex. In the oval and 2 horizontal lines image, you recognized a
human face even though it lacked a nose, mouth or ears. We recognize
shape, better than color or texture when identifying objects (THEME 2 -
efficient at recognizing patterns).
Neuroscience Imagery Methods
5. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Give this one a try later!
records magnetic field fluctuations produced by neural activity during the
processing of stimuli presented to participants
- Provides time course info like ERP but also provides coarse-grained info
about neural sources responsible for the observed fluctuations
What is "word superiority effect"? How is word superiority effect related to top-down
processing?
Give this one a try later!
• word superiority effect: we can identify a single letter more accurately
and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it
appears alone or in a meaningless string of unrelated letters
