NUR242: ONCOLOGY EXAM | 123 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
dysplasia vs neoplasia Answer - -dysplasia: reversible
-neoplasia: irreversible/cancer
Cell cycle: Answer - G0 = resting state
G1 (Gap 1)
S-phase (synthesis)
G2 (Gap 2)
M (Mitosis) = two identical daughter cells
*G1-G2 "interphase" = chromosomes copied
tumor suppressor genes... Answer - prevent cells from going through the cell
cycle but mutations can make them inactive
Ex. BRCA 1
Development of cancer: Answer - 1. Initiation- Mutation of DNA (mostly
acquired)
2. Promotion- promoters (obesity, fat, alcohol, smoking)
3. Progression- growth (tumor angiogenesis), invasiveness, metastasis
Carcinogens Answer - Enter nucleus and damage DNA
,1. Benzene, Arsenic, formaldehyde, asbestos
2. Radiation
3. Viral (HBV, HCV, HPV, H Pylori)
4. Obesity
5. Smoking
6. alcohol
7. dietary fat
Latent period:
Size to be picked up on MRi Answer - 1. time btw initial genetic alteration to
clinical evidence; 1 to 40 yrs
2. 0.5 cm; 1.0 cm to be palpable
What is skip metastasis? Answer - tumor cells travel to distant nodes
Immune system role: Answer - 1. Lymphocytes cont. check cells for tumor
associated antigens and destroy them
Immunologic escape: How? (6) Answer - 1. suppress factors that stimulate T
cells
2. Weak surface antigens allow them to sneak through
3. immune system develops tolerance to some tumor antigens
4. cancer cells suppress immune system by products they secrete
5. induction of suppressor T cells
6. blocking antibodies from binding TAAs, preventing recognition
,Oncofetal antigens... Answer - Found in/on tumor cells, as a result as cell
regains its embryonic capability
ex. PSA
Main difference btw Benign vs. malignant neoplasms Answer - Malignant cells
invade and metastasize
How is cancer classified? (3) Answer - 1. Anatomic site
2. Histology/grading
3. Extent/Staging
Anatomic site classification
1. identified by?
2. Carcinomas?
3. Sarcomas?
4. Lymphomas/leukemias? Answer - 1. tissue of origin
2. ectoderm (skin and glands) and endoderm (mucous membranes)
3. mesoderm (CT, muscle, bone, fat)
4. Hematopoietic system
Histologic classification of cancer:
1. based on?
2. Grade 1
3. Grade 2
4. Grade 3
5. Grade 4 Answer - 1. appearance of cells and degree of differentiation
2. well differentiated
, 3. mod. differentiated
4. poorly differentiated
5. undifferentiated/immature/primitive
Extent of disease classification:
1. based on what 3 parameters?
2. Tis/O
3. 1
4. 2
5. 3
6. 4
7. X Answer - 1. Tumor size/invasiveness, Node lymph spread, Metastasis
2. in situ; only superficial (not invasie)
3. localized origin
4. local spread
5. local & regional spread
6. metastasis
7. cannot be measured
T or F: once stage classification is made, it cannot be changed Answer - True
(but may be restaged)
Cancer: Assessments (13) Answer - 1. Fatigue, fever
2. wt loss, vomiting
3. pain (HA, bone pain)
4. mass
5. pallor, purpura, whitish reflex of eyes
ANSWERS | 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
dysplasia vs neoplasia Answer - -dysplasia: reversible
-neoplasia: irreversible/cancer
Cell cycle: Answer - G0 = resting state
G1 (Gap 1)
S-phase (synthesis)
G2 (Gap 2)
M (Mitosis) = two identical daughter cells
*G1-G2 "interphase" = chromosomes copied
tumor suppressor genes... Answer - prevent cells from going through the cell
cycle but mutations can make them inactive
Ex. BRCA 1
Development of cancer: Answer - 1. Initiation- Mutation of DNA (mostly
acquired)
2. Promotion- promoters (obesity, fat, alcohol, smoking)
3. Progression- growth (tumor angiogenesis), invasiveness, metastasis
Carcinogens Answer - Enter nucleus and damage DNA
,1. Benzene, Arsenic, formaldehyde, asbestos
2. Radiation
3. Viral (HBV, HCV, HPV, H Pylori)
4. Obesity
5. Smoking
6. alcohol
7. dietary fat
Latent period:
Size to be picked up on MRi Answer - 1. time btw initial genetic alteration to
clinical evidence; 1 to 40 yrs
2. 0.5 cm; 1.0 cm to be palpable
What is skip metastasis? Answer - tumor cells travel to distant nodes
Immune system role: Answer - 1. Lymphocytes cont. check cells for tumor
associated antigens and destroy them
Immunologic escape: How? (6) Answer - 1. suppress factors that stimulate T
cells
2. Weak surface antigens allow them to sneak through
3. immune system develops tolerance to some tumor antigens
4. cancer cells suppress immune system by products they secrete
5. induction of suppressor T cells
6. blocking antibodies from binding TAAs, preventing recognition
,Oncofetal antigens... Answer - Found in/on tumor cells, as a result as cell
regains its embryonic capability
ex. PSA
Main difference btw Benign vs. malignant neoplasms Answer - Malignant cells
invade and metastasize
How is cancer classified? (3) Answer - 1. Anatomic site
2. Histology/grading
3. Extent/Staging
Anatomic site classification
1. identified by?
2. Carcinomas?
3. Sarcomas?
4. Lymphomas/leukemias? Answer - 1. tissue of origin
2. ectoderm (skin and glands) and endoderm (mucous membranes)
3. mesoderm (CT, muscle, bone, fat)
4. Hematopoietic system
Histologic classification of cancer:
1. based on?
2. Grade 1
3. Grade 2
4. Grade 3
5. Grade 4 Answer - 1. appearance of cells and degree of differentiation
2. well differentiated
, 3. mod. differentiated
4. poorly differentiated
5. undifferentiated/immature/primitive
Extent of disease classification:
1. based on what 3 parameters?
2. Tis/O
3. 1
4. 2
5. 3
6. 4
7. X Answer - 1. Tumor size/invasiveness, Node lymph spread, Metastasis
2. in situ; only superficial (not invasie)
3. localized origin
4. local spread
5. local & regional spread
6. metastasis
7. cannot be measured
T or F: once stage classification is made, it cannot be changed Answer - True
(but may be restaged)
Cancer: Assessments (13) Answer - 1. Fatigue, fever
2. wt loss, vomiting
3. pain (HA, bone pain)
4. mass
5. pallor, purpura, whitish reflex of eyes
