NURS 6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – 100 VERIFIED Q&A
(2025 EDITION)
(Correct answers marked with ✅✅)
1–20: Cellular Injury, Immunity, & Inflammation
1. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
2. Which cell type releases histamine during inflammation?
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. T cells
3. Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Cellular swelling
B. Programmed cell death
C. Necrotic cell lysis
D. ATP depletion
4. Which immunoglobulin is the first responder in acute infection?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgE
5. Free radicals cause cellular injury primarily by:
A. Increasing ATP
, B. Damaging DNA
C. Enhancing protein synthesis
D. Increasing oxygen delivery
6. Chronic inflammation is characterized by predominance of:
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Lymphocytes and macrophages
D. Basophils
7. Which cytokine induces fever?
A. IL-1
B. IL-4
C. IL-10
D. TNF-β
8. Reperfusion injury is mainly caused by:
A. Calcium loss
B. ROS generation
C. Improved ATP
D. Increased perfusion
9. Primary intention wound healing is characterized by:
A. Large tissue loss
B. Slow healing
C. Minimal scarring
D. Excessive granulation tissue
10. Hypoxia primarily reduces:
A. DNA repair
B. ATP production
C. Cell size
D. Protein stores
11. Which immune cells directly kill infected cells?
A. B cells
B. Helper T cells
C. NK cells
D. Mast cells
,12. Which hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
13. Anaphylaxis involves massive release of:
A. Interferon gamma
B. Histamine
C. Complement
D. IgG
14. Chronic granulomas are formed primarily by:
A. RBCs
B. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils
D. Basophils
15. Which mediator increases vascular permeability?
A. Histamine
B. Thromboxane
C. Serotonin
D. Dopamine
16. Which cellular adaptation results from increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia if tissue divides
B. Hypertrophy correct answer for muscle
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
17. Which type of necrosis occurs in myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
D. Fat
18. Complement activation leads to:
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Opsonization
, C. Hormone release
D. RBC destruction
19. Which mediator induces pain in inflammation?
A. Bradykinin
B. Histamine
C. IL-8
D. Complement
20. Which process removes neutrophils after inflammation ends?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Liquefaction
D. Autophagy
21–40: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
21. Hypertension leads to what cardiac adaptation?
A. Right ventricular hypertrophy
B. Left ventricular hypertrophy
C. Atrial enlargement
D. Bradycardia
22. Which biomarker is elevated earliest in MI?
A. Troponin I
B. CK-MB
C. LDH
D. BNP
23. Atherosclerosis begins with:
A. Foam cell rupture
B. Endothelial injury
C. Platelet aggregation
D. Calcium deposition
24. Heart failure with preserved EF is characterized by:
A. Poor contractility
B. Stiff ventricles
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – 100 VERIFIED Q&A
(2025 EDITION)
(Correct answers marked with ✅✅)
1–20: Cellular Injury, Immunity, & Inflammation
1. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
2. Which cell type releases histamine during inflammation?
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. T cells
3. Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Cellular swelling
B. Programmed cell death
C. Necrotic cell lysis
D. ATP depletion
4. Which immunoglobulin is the first responder in acute infection?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgE
5. Free radicals cause cellular injury primarily by:
A. Increasing ATP
, B. Damaging DNA
C. Enhancing protein synthesis
D. Increasing oxygen delivery
6. Chronic inflammation is characterized by predominance of:
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Lymphocytes and macrophages
D. Basophils
7. Which cytokine induces fever?
A. IL-1
B. IL-4
C. IL-10
D. TNF-β
8. Reperfusion injury is mainly caused by:
A. Calcium loss
B. ROS generation
C. Improved ATP
D. Increased perfusion
9. Primary intention wound healing is characterized by:
A. Large tissue loss
B. Slow healing
C. Minimal scarring
D. Excessive granulation tissue
10. Hypoxia primarily reduces:
A. DNA repair
B. ATP production
C. Cell size
D. Protein stores
11. Which immune cells directly kill infected cells?
A. B cells
B. Helper T cells
C. NK cells
D. Mast cells
,12. Which hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
13. Anaphylaxis involves massive release of:
A. Interferon gamma
B. Histamine
C. Complement
D. IgG
14. Chronic granulomas are formed primarily by:
A. RBCs
B. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils
D. Basophils
15. Which mediator increases vascular permeability?
A. Histamine
B. Thromboxane
C. Serotonin
D. Dopamine
16. Which cellular adaptation results from increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia if tissue divides
B. Hypertrophy correct answer for muscle
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
17. Which type of necrosis occurs in myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
D. Fat
18. Complement activation leads to:
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Opsonization
, C. Hormone release
D. RBC destruction
19. Which mediator induces pain in inflammation?
A. Bradykinin
B. Histamine
C. IL-8
D. Complement
20. Which process removes neutrophils after inflammation ends?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Liquefaction
D. Autophagy
21–40: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
21. Hypertension leads to what cardiac adaptation?
A. Right ventricular hypertrophy
B. Left ventricular hypertrophy
C. Atrial enlargement
D. Bradycardia
22. Which biomarker is elevated earliest in MI?
A. Troponin I
B. CK-MB
C. LDH
D. BNP
23. Atherosclerosis begins with:
A. Foam cell rupture
B. Endothelial injury
C. Platelet aggregation
D. Calcium deposition
24. Heart failure with preserved EF is characterized by:
A. Poor contractility
B. Stiff ventricles
