PSYC 388 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
◉ Immigrants in Canada . Answer: About 20% of Canadian population
made up of immigrants. Many visible minorities, especially in big cities.
-A lot of ethnic variation in Canada
◉ Aboriginal Identity (Stats Can 2008) . Answer: refers to those persons
who reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, that is,
North American Indian, Metis or Inuit, and/or those who reported being
a Treaty Indian or Registered Indian, as defined by the Indian Act of
Canada, and/or those who reported they were members of an Indian
band or First Nation.
◉ Minorities and termination . Answer: Over 50% of minority-culture
clients terminate after one session (Sue and Sue, 2003). Suggests
negative experiences. Majority client cultures terminate 30% after one
session.
◉ Culture definition . Answer: "Ethnographic variables such as
ethnicity, nationality, religion, and language, as well as demographic
variables of age, gender, place of residence, etc. status variables such as
social, economic, and educational background and a wide range of
formal or informal memberships and affiliations (Pederson, 1990)
,◉ Broad definition of culture . Answer: "Any group of people who
identify or associate with one another on the basis of some common
purpose, need, or similarity of background" (Axelson, 1999).
◉ How culture impacts us . Answer: "structures our behaviour,
thoughts, perceptions, values, goals, morals, and cognitive processes
(Cohen, 1998). Unconscious or consciously
◉ Shared elements of a culture . Answer: Shared elements of a culture
include learned experiences, beliefs and values. Give coherence and
meaning to life. Physical features and/or common history or philosophy
◉ Multicultural . Answer: -Multicultural doesn't have a shared
definition. Previously non-discriminatory practice and diversity.
-Focus on distinct group uniquenesses and concepts that facilitate
attention to individual differences (Locke, 1998).
-Communalties in a cultural group do not tell the extent that individuals
from the group have incorporated these into their beliefs and practices.
◉ Multicultural counselling . Answer: counselling in which the
counsellor and the client differ (Locke). Kind of describes all
counselling.
, ◉ Etic perspective . Answer: universal qualities exist in counselling that
are culturally generalizable. Criticism is that not taking important
cultural differences into account.
◉ Emic perspective . Answer: assumes counselling approaches must be
designed to be culturally specific. Criticism is that places too much
emphasis on specific techniques as the vehicle for client change.
◉ Fischer's 4 conditions common to any counselling treatment .
Answer: -the therapeutic relationship
-a shared worldview between client and counsellor
-client expectations for positive change
-interventions believed by both client and counsellor to be a means of
healing
Limited support for this
◉ Definition of multiculturalism in Canada . Answer: Multiculturalism
in Canada refers to the presence and persistence of diverse racial and
ethnic minorities who define themselves as different and who wish to
remain so. Ideologically relatively coherent set of ideas and ideals
pertaining to the celebration of Canada's cultural diversity. At policy
level is structured around the management of diversity thorough formal
initiatives in the federal, provincial, and municipal domains. Process by
which racial and ethnic minorities compete to obtain support from
central authorities for the achievement of certain goals and aspirations.
(Dewing and Leman, 2006).
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
◉ Immigrants in Canada . Answer: About 20% of Canadian population
made up of immigrants. Many visible minorities, especially in big cities.
-A lot of ethnic variation in Canada
◉ Aboriginal Identity (Stats Can 2008) . Answer: refers to those persons
who reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, that is,
North American Indian, Metis or Inuit, and/or those who reported being
a Treaty Indian or Registered Indian, as defined by the Indian Act of
Canada, and/or those who reported they were members of an Indian
band or First Nation.
◉ Minorities and termination . Answer: Over 50% of minority-culture
clients terminate after one session (Sue and Sue, 2003). Suggests
negative experiences. Majority client cultures terminate 30% after one
session.
◉ Culture definition . Answer: "Ethnographic variables such as
ethnicity, nationality, religion, and language, as well as demographic
variables of age, gender, place of residence, etc. status variables such as
social, economic, and educational background and a wide range of
formal or informal memberships and affiliations (Pederson, 1990)
,◉ Broad definition of culture . Answer: "Any group of people who
identify or associate with one another on the basis of some common
purpose, need, or similarity of background" (Axelson, 1999).
◉ How culture impacts us . Answer: "structures our behaviour,
thoughts, perceptions, values, goals, morals, and cognitive processes
(Cohen, 1998). Unconscious or consciously
◉ Shared elements of a culture . Answer: Shared elements of a culture
include learned experiences, beliefs and values. Give coherence and
meaning to life. Physical features and/or common history or philosophy
◉ Multicultural . Answer: -Multicultural doesn't have a shared
definition. Previously non-discriminatory practice and diversity.
-Focus on distinct group uniquenesses and concepts that facilitate
attention to individual differences (Locke, 1998).
-Communalties in a cultural group do not tell the extent that individuals
from the group have incorporated these into their beliefs and practices.
◉ Multicultural counselling . Answer: counselling in which the
counsellor and the client differ (Locke). Kind of describes all
counselling.
, ◉ Etic perspective . Answer: universal qualities exist in counselling that
are culturally generalizable. Criticism is that not taking important
cultural differences into account.
◉ Emic perspective . Answer: assumes counselling approaches must be
designed to be culturally specific. Criticism is that places too much
emphasis on specific techniques as the vehicle for client change.
◉ Fischer's 4 conditions common to any counselling treatment .
Answer: -the therapeutic relationship
-a shared worldview between client and counsellor
-client expectations for positive change
-interventions believed by both client and counsellor to be a means of
healing
Limited support for this
◉ Definition of multiculturalism in Canada . Answer: Multiculturalism
in Canada refers to the presence and persistence of diverse racial and
ethnic minorities who define themselves as different and who wish to
remain so. Ideologically relatively coherent set of ideas and ideals
pertaining to the celebration of Canada's cultural diversity. At policy
level is structured around the management of diversity thorough formal
initiatives in the federal, provincial, and municipal domains. Process by
which racial and ethnic minorities compete to obtain support from
central authorities for the achievement of certain goals and aspirations.
(Dewing and Leman, 2006).
