Exam 1: 212 Study Guide
CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
INFANT (Birth to 1 Year):
Age-appropriate toys and play for an infant aged 1 year:
o Engage in solitary play.
o Peek-a-boo (learning object permeances)
o Preference toys rattle, picture book, balls, big blocks
Language development of a 7-month-old infant:
o Crying is the first form of verbal communication.
o Vocalizing with cooing noises by 3-4 months
o Laughs and squeals by 4 months.
o Babbling (dada/ mama) by 7 months
o 3-5 words by 1 year
Nutrition: Infant first solid food component:
o Solid foods at 4-6 months:
- Start with iron-rich rice cereal (1st baby food recommended)
- One type of food at a time
- Wait 3 to 5 days between switching food to rule out any allergies. Eggs
and peanut butter should be introduced last.
- Pureed food
o Finger foods 9-10 months old (monitor for chocking precautions)
Physical assessment of a 3-month-old. Gross motor development finding.
o Gross motor:
- Turns back to side and side to side.
- Lifts their head & shoulders when in the prone position.
- Only slight head lag.
o Fine motor:
- Holds a rattle.
Physical assessment findings for a 6-month-old during a well visit:
o Posterior Fontanelle closes between 6-8 weeks.
o Anterior fontanelle closes between 12-18 months.
Comfort measure for teething:
o Frozen teething rings
o Ice cube wrapped in a washcloth.
o Over-the-counter teething gels
o Acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen are appropriate if irritability interferes with
sleeping and feeding but should not be used for more than 3 days.
SIGNS OF TEETHING:
, o Sucking on their fingers
o Irritable
o Teething pain
6-8 teeth by 1 year of age.
Nutrition across the lifespan: Transition age from breastmilk
o Breast milk for 12 months (first 6 months of life per ATI)
o No water until 6 months
o No honey or cow milk until 12 months old
TODDLER ( 1-3 years)
Health Promotion Teaching to the parents of Toddlers (1 to 3 Years)
o 12 to 15 months: inactivated poliovirus (third dose between 6 to 18 months);
Haemophilus influenzae type B; pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; measles,
mumps, and rubella; and varicella
o 12 to 23 months: hepatitis A (Hep A), given in two doses at least 6 months apart.
o 15 to 18 months: diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis
o 12 to 36 months: yearly seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine; live,
attenuated influenza vaccine by nasal spray (must be 2 years or older)
o Nutrition:
- Physiologic anorexia occurs, resulting in toddlers becoming fussy eaters
because of a decreased appetite.
- Toddlers should consume 24 to 28 oz of milk per day and may switch
from drinking whole milk to drinking low-fat milk after 2 years of age.
- Juice consumption should be limited to 4 to 6 oz per day.
- Trans fatty acids and saturated fats should be avoided.
- Diet should include 1 cup of fruit daily.
- Food serving size should be 1 tbsp for each year of age, or 1⁄4 to 1/3 of an
adult portion.
- Toddlers generally prefer finger foods because of increasing autonomy.
- Regular meal times and nutritious snacks best meet nutrient needs.
- Snacks or desserts that are high in sugar, fat, or sodium should be avoided.
- Foods that are potential choking hazards (nuts, grapes, hot dogs, peanut
butter, raw carrots, dried beans, tough meats, popcorn) should be avoided.
- Adult supervision should always be provided during snack and mealtimes.
- Foods should be cut into small, bite-size pieces to make them easier to
swallow and to prevent choking.
- Toddlers should not be allowed to engage in drinking or eating during play
activities or while lying down
o Sleep and Rest:
- Resistance to bedtime and expression of fears are common in this age
group.
- Maintaining a regular bedtime and bedtime routines are helpful to promote
sleep.
o Dental Health:
CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
INFANT (Birth to 1 Year):
Age-appropriate toys and play for an infant aged 1 year:
o Engage in solitary play.
o Peek-a-boo (learning object permeances)
o Preference toys rattle, picture book, balls, big blocks
Language development of a 7-month-old infant:
o Crying is the first form of verbal communication.
o Vocalizing with cooing noises by 3-4 months
o Laughs and squeals by 4 months.
o Babbling (dada/ mama) by 7 months
o 3-5 words by 1 year
Nutrition: Infant first solid food component:
o Solid foods at 4-6 months:
- Start with iron-rich rice cereal (1st baby food recommended)
- One type of food at a time
- Wait 3 to 5 days between switching food to rule out any allergies. Eggs
and peanut butter should be introduced last.
- Pureed food
o Finger foods 9-10 months old (monitor for chocking precautions)
Physical assessment of a 3-month-old. Gross motor development finding.
o Gross motor:
- Turns back to side and side to side.
- Lifts their head & shoulders when in the prone position.
- Only slight head lag.
o Fine motor:
- Holds a rattle.
Physical assessment findings for a 6-month-old during a well visit:
o Posterior Fontanelle closes between 6-8 weeks.
o Anterior fontanelle closes between 12-18 months.
Comfort measure for teething:
o Frozen teething rings
o Ice cube wrapped in a washcloth.
o Over-the-counter teething gels
o Acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen are appropriate if irritability interferes with
sleeping and feeding but should not be used for more than 3 days.
SIGNS OF TEETHING:
, o Sucking on their fingers
o Irritable
o Teething pain
6-8 teeth by 1 year of age.
Nutrition across the lifespan: Transition age from breastmilk
o Breast milk for 12 months (first 6 months of life per ATI)
o No water until 6 months
o No honey or cow milk until 12 months old
TODDLER ( 1-3 years)
Health Promotion Teaching to the parents of Toddlers (1 to 3 Years)
o 12 to 15 months: inactivated poliovirus (third dose between 6 to 18 months);
Haemophilus influenzae type B; pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; measles,
mumps, and rubella; and varicella
o 12 to 23 months: hepatitis A (Hep A), given in two doses at least 6 months apart.
o 15 to 18 months: diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis
o 12 to 36 months: yearly seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine; live,
attenuated influenza vaccine by nasal spray (must be 2 years or older)
o Nutrition:
- Physiologic anorexia occurs, resulting in toddlers becoming fussy eaters
because of a decreased appetite.
- Toddlers should consume 24 to 28 oz of milk per day and may switch
from drinking whole milk to drinking low-fat milk after 2 years of age.
- Juice consumption should be limited to 4 to 6 oz per day.
- Trans fatty acids and saturated fats should be avoided.
- Diet should include 1 cup of fruit daily.
- Food serving size should be 1 tbsp for each year of age, or 1⁄4 to 1/3 of an
adult portion.
- Toddlers generally prefer finger foods because of increasing autonomy.
- Regular meal times and nutritious snacks best meet nutrient needs.
- Snacks or desserts that are high in sugar, fat, or sodium should be avoided.
- Foods that are potential choking hazards (nuts, grapes, hot dogs, peanut
butter, raw carrots, dried beans, tough meats, popcorn) should be avoided.
- Adult supervision should always be provided during snack and mealtimes.
- Foods should be cut into small, bite-size pieces to make them easier to
swallow and to prevent choking.
- Toddlers should not be allowed to engage in drinking or eating during play
activities or while lying down
o Sleep and Rest:
- Resistance to bedtime and expression of fears are common in this age
group.
- Maintaining a regular bedtime and bedtime routines are helpful to promote
sleep.
o Dental Health:
