NUR 341 PHARMACOLOGY COMPLETE EXAM 2025

NUR 341 PHARMACOLOGY COMPLETE EXAM 2025 Pharmacokinetics - -what the body does to the drug This includes Absorption Distribution Metabolism (biotransformation) Elimination What does the liver do to a drug - -it is the primary metabolism organ in the body What does the kidney do to a drug - -the kidney is primary in excretion Absorption - -the process by which a drug moves across 1+ cell membranes from its site of administration into the blood. Pharm dynamics - -what the drug does to the body This includes: The change that is caused by the drug Drug action Mechanism of action Pharmacokinetics includes which 4 processes? - -Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination What does pharmacokinetics determine? - --The onset of a drugs effect(how long it takes to start working -intensity of a drug (all depend on pt related factors) Factors that influence absorption - --Drug chemistry (solubility, polarity) -route of administration (oral vs iv) -coating on the drug What are some common routes of drug administration - -Enteral, parenteral and inhaled NURS 341 NURS 341 NURS 341 Enteral administration - -includes oral admin Sublingual admin- under the tongue Buccal admin- inside the cheek Rectal admin Parenteral administration - -injecting a medication into body tissues. Includes: Intravenous (iv) Intramuscular (im) Subcutaneously (subq)- injecting the drug into the tissue later between skin and muscles. Iv route of administration - -pumped directly into r heart Does not interfere with the liver, not metabolized initially, preferred for this reason (immediate and intense effects) Absorption is immediate!!! Oral route of administration absorption characteristics - -the drug passes through the liver for metabolism Motility is important factor with these types of admin because it can effect absorption. Ex: pt has diarrhea and vomiting-drug cannot be absorbed-pt receives lower and potentially ineffective level of drug. Ex: pt has constipation-slow/toxic-pt will have higher level of drug in the body What foods could potential inhibit drug absorption? - -dairy products. Dairy products bind to tetracycline (do not allow drug to have the proper effect) Tetracycline - -antibiotic used to treat some acne and skin infections Inhaled drug administration - -drug enters into bloodstream or lungs and does not pass through the liver. What variables can effect oral absorption of a drug? - -composition of the drug Gut ph and motility Simultaneous use of other drugs Timing of the dose with respect to meals Advantages of oral drugs - -convenient Economical NURS 341 NURS 341 Best for self admin Disadvantages for oral drugs - -self admin requires compliance Unsuitable for poorly absorbed drugs Unsuitable for infants or PT unable to swallow Disadvantages of Iv admin - -adverse effects appear rapidly Effects may be of short duration Insoluble substances cannot be given Risk of infection, pain, vasculitis, extravasation Not suitable for self injection Advantages of iv admin - -emergency use Useful for large volumes of drug What are some characteristics an oral drug must have in order to absorb - -must be soluble in water Lipid soluble to an extent Must dissolve aqueous contents of digestive tract What is drug distribution? - -movement of drug by blood to the body When a drug is distributed, local blood flow affects what? - -the amount of blood reaching the organs What are some special barriers that protect drugs from reaching the brain, fetus etc? - the blood brain barrier Placental barrier What is the blood brain barrier (bbb) - -a semi permeable membrane (network of blood vessels and tissues made of closely packed cells) that keeps harmful substances from reach the brain. Anesthetics usually cross this barrier (we want them to) Most antibiotics and other meds do not What is the placental barrier - -similar to bbb Semipermeable membrane made of placental tissues. Limits the type and amount of substances shared between the mother and baby General look for meds that do not cross T/f when meds are taken and absorbed into the bloodstream, they do not have any degree of protein binding - -false When absorbed into the bloodstream, lots of them have some degree of protein binding. NURS 341 NURS 341 A certain number of molecules will b bound to protein and a certain number will be free in the bloodstream Only unbound or free molecules can be metabolized or excreted Anything protein bound is inactive. Only drugs not bound to proteins are able to produce pharmacologic effects What is a major plasma binding protein? - -albumin What are some sites of preferential drug accumulation - -(sites that prevent from equal distribution throughout the body) Fat- accutane, thc Bone and teeth- tetracycline Kidneys- aminoglycosides antibiotics Drug-drug interactions can be caused by.... - -plasma protein binding A pt takes warfarin (blood thinner) and a high amount of the drug is inactive because its bound to albumin. If they take another drug with a high affinity for albumin what happens? - -due to protein binding, the two drugs will compete. Some of the warfarin will be rebased and more free drug will be in the pt's system. This can be toxic. Define drug metabolism/biotransformation - -the enzymatic alteration of a drug structure Process by which drugs are altered to facilitate their removal from the body Where are drugs mostly metabolized? - -in the liver What organs are involved in drug metabolism? - -liver (primarily) Lungs Gi muscosa Kidneys Blood Drug metabolism is mostly enzyme mediated often by which cytochrome? - -p450 (catalyst) Results of biotransformation - --products that are less active, and more easily concentrated -products are converted to more active forms -prodrugs -conversion to more or less toxic forms NURS 341 NURS 341 What is a prodrug - -an inactive drug metabolized to a active drug Give an example of an inactive drug - -levodopa What is drug excretion? - -removal of drugs from the body What is the most important organ for drug excretion? - -the kidney By what means can drugs be excreted? - -bile, sweat, saliva, breast milk, expired air What is pharmacodynamics? - -what the drug does to the body Describe the kidney elimination process - --glomerular filtration: >filtration movies drugs from blood to urine. Protein bound drugs are not filtered. -tubular secretion: >proximal tubules have transport pumps to secrete molecules -drugs can be reabsorbed by tubular reabsorption >lipid soluble drugs move back into the blood. Polar ionized drugs remain in the urine. T/f Urine ph can effect reabsorption? - -true What is the half life of a drug? - -the time needed for plasma concentrations of drug to fall 50% of its previous concentration Most drugs produce their effect by interacting with _______ - -receptors The molecular shape of a receptor determines what? - -which drug molecules interact with it (lock and key) T/f All drugs produce their effects by binding with a receptor? - -false. Ex: antiacids What are the two primary drug types? - -agonists and an