NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST
Homeostasis - (ANSWER)Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external
changes
Manifestations - (ANSWER)Clinical evidence with signs & symptoms
- Signs = objective indicators of disease
- Symptoms = subjective feelings
Manifestations (Local) - (ANSWER)At site of the problem (ex. Redness, warmth at site)
Manifestations (Systemic) - (ANSWER)General indicators of illness (ex. Fever)
Atrophy (muscle) - (ANSWER)Define: a decrease in the size of cells leading to reduced tissue mass
Cause: reduced use, poor nutrition, decreased hormonal or neurological stimulation, aging
§ Example: Prolonged bed rest; cast on extremity
Hypertrophy (heart muscle) - (ANSWER)Define: an increase in the size of cells leading to an enlarged
tissue mass
Causes: overworking the tissue, hormonal stimulation
§ Example: Working out
Hyperplasia - (ANSWER)Definition: an increase in the number of cells leading to an enlarged tissue mass
Causes: may be a compensatory mechanism or pathologic due to hormonal imbalance
§ Example: Enlargement of uterus during pregnancy
Metaplasia - (ANSWER)Definition: replacement of a mature cell type with another mature cell type
Causes: vitamin A deficit, adaptive mechanism to prolonged irritation
§ Example: Squamous epithelium replacing ciliated columnar epithelium in respiratory tracts of cigarette
smokers
Dysplasia - (ANSWER)Definition: change in the size, shape, and reproduction of cells
, NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST
Causes: chronic irritation or infection, precancerous changes
§ Example: Screening for atypical cells on Pap smear
Anaplasia - (ANSWER)Definition: undifferentiated cells, have variable cell structures, and many miotic
figures
Causes: most often seen in malignant (cancerous) tumors
§ Example: malignant tumor
Neoplasia - (ANSWER)Define: "New growth" - commonly called tumor
Causes: various stimuli result in changes within the DNA structure of the cell
§ Example: melanoma (skin cancer)
Ischemia - (ANSWER)decreased oxygen reaching the cells, tissues, or organs
§ Can lead to hypoxia
§ Example: myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Hypoxia - (ANSWER)§ Reduced oxygen in the tissue
§ Can result from local issue (ischemia) or systemically (respiratory impairment)
Necrosis - (ANSWER)non-programmed (unplanned) death of one or more cell or tissue/organ
- irreversible and inflammation
Infarction - (ANSWER)Area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
Gangrene - (ANSWER)Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
Apoptosis - (ANSWER)programmed cell death that occurs as a normal process within the body
- cells self-destruct and disintegrate and becomes engulfed by phagocytes
Homeostasis - (ANSWER)Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external
changes
Manifestations - (ANSWER)Clinical evidence with signs & symptoms
- Signs = objective indicators of disease
- Symptoms = subjective feelings
Manifestations (Local) - (ANSWER)At site of the problem (ex. Redness, warmth at site)
Manifestations (Systemic) - (ANSWER)General indicators of illness (ex. Fever)
Atrophy (muscle) - (ANSWER)Define: a decrease in the size of cells leading to reduced tissue mass
Cause: reduced use, poor nutrition, decreased hormonal or neurological stimulation, aging
§ Example: Prolonged bed rest; cast on extremity
Hypertrophy (heart muscle) - (ANSWER)Define: an increase in the size of cells leading to an enlarged
tissue mass
Causes: overworking the tissue, hormonal stimulation
§ Example: Working out
Hyperplasia - (ANSWER)Definition: an increase in the number of cells leading to an enlarged tissue mass
Causes: may be a compensatory mechanism or pathologic due to hormonal imbalance
§ Example: Enlargement of uterus during pregnancy
Metaplasia - (ANSWER)Definition: replacement of a mature cell type with another mature cell type
Causes: vitamin A deficit, adaptive mechanism to prolonged irritation
§ Example: Squamous epithelium replacing ciliated columnar epithelium in respiratory tracts of cigarette
smokers
Dysplasia - (ANSWER)Definition: change in the size, shape, and reproduction of cells
, NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST
Causes: chronic irritation or infection, precancerous changes
§ Example: Screening for atypical cells on Pap smear
Anaplasia - (ANSWER)Definition: undifferentiated cells, have variable cell structures, and many miotic
figures
Causes: most often seen in malignant (cancerous) tumors
§ Example: malignant tumor
Neoplasia - (ANSWER)Define: "New growth" - commonly called tumor
Causes: various stimuli result in changes within the DNA structure of the cell
§ Example: melanoma (skin cancer)
Ischemia - (ANSWER)decreased oxygen reaching the cells, tissues, or organs
§ Can lead to hypoxia
§ Example: myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Hypoxia - (ANSWER)§ Reduced oxygen in the tissue
§ Can result from local issue (ischemia) or systemically (respiratory impairment)
Necrosis - (ANSWER)non-programmed (unplanned) death of one or more cell or tissue/organ
- irreversible and inflammation
Infarction - (ANSWER)Area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
Gangrene - (ANSWER)Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
Apoptosis - (ANSWER)programmed cell death that occurs as a normal process within the body
- cells self-destruct and disintegrate and becomes engulfed by phagocytes
