TEST BANK
Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical
Perspectives
Theresa Capriotti
2nd Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 The Cell in Health and Illness 1
Chapter 02 Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes 18
Chapter 03 Genetic Basis of Disease 36
Chapter 04 Stress, Exercise and Immobility 54
Chapter 05 Obesity and Nutritional Imbalances 72
Chapter 06 Pain 89
Chapter 07 Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances 103
Chapter 08 Acid–Base Balances 120
Chapter 09 Infection and Inflammation 137
Chapter 10 Infectious Diseases 155
Chapter 11 Disorders of the Immune System 171
Chapter 12 White Blood Cell Disorders 190
Chapter 13 Infection and Inflammation 207
Chapter 14 Disorders of Platelets, Hemostasis, and Coagulation 225
Chapter 15 Arterial Disorders 243
Chapter 16 Ischemic Heart Disease and Conduction Disorders 261
Chapter 17 Heart Failure 279
Chapter 18 Valvular Heart Disease 296
Chapter 19 Disorders of the Venous System 313
Chapter 20 Respiratory Inflammation and Infection 330
Chapter 21 Skin Disorders 347
Chapter 22 Renal Disorders 365
Chapter 23 Urological Disorders 385
Chapter 24 Endocrine Disorders 404
Chapter 25 Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome 422
Chapter 26 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 441
Chapter 27 Disorders of Male Reproductive System 460
Chapter 28 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 477
Chapter 29 Disorders of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine 495
Chapter 30 Common Disorders of the Large Intestine 515
Chapter 31 Infection, Inflammation and Cirrhosis of the Liver 533
Chapter 32 Gallbladder, Pancreatic and Bile Duct Dysfunction 551
Chapter 33 Cerebrovascular Disorders 570
Chapter 34 Chronic and Degenerative Neurologic Disorders 589
Chapter 35 Brain and Spinal Cord Injury 607
Chapter 36 Psychobiology of Behavioral Disorders 626
Chapter 37 Musculoskeletal Trauma 645
Chapter 38 Degenerative Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System 663
Chapter 39 Infection and Inflammatory Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 681
Chapter 40 Cancer 699
,Chapter 41 Skin Disorders 717
Chapter 42 Burns 735
Chapter 43 Eye Disorders 754
Chapter 44 Ear Disorders 773
Chapter 45 Pathophysiologic Concepts of Aging 791
Chapter 46 SIRS, Sepsis, Shock, MODS, and Death 809
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement regarding the sodium–potassium pump is correct?
a. The cell’s plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than potassium ions.
b. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment.
c. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher outside the cell
compartment.
d. The active transport involves pumping out three sodium ions and pumping in two
potassium ions.
ANS: D
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 1
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump)
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. The plasma membrane of the cell is less soluble to sodium ions
and more soluble to potassium ions.
B This is incorrect. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher outside the
cell compartment.
C This is incorrect. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher inside
the cell compartment.
D This is correct. In active transport, for every three sodium ions pumped out, two
potassium ions are pumped in.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
2. In the absence of oxygen, which cellular function creates the same amount of energy as is
created in the presence of oxygen?
a. Dissipation of pyruvic acid
b. Initiation of the citric acid cycle
c. Activation of acetyl-coenzyme A
d. Creation of acidosis via lactic acid
ANS: B
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Difficult
Feedback
A This is incorrect. When oxygen is not available, anaerobic metabolism produces
significantly less cellular energy: a net yield of 2 ATP, as well as pyruvic acid.
B This is correct. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into
acetyl-coenzyme A, which triggers a series of reactions known as the Krebs
cycle, also called the citric acid cycle.
C This is incorrect. Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, not
activated.
D This is incorrect. In cellular hypoxia, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid,
which is noxious to cells, causing muscle pain and biochemical alterations such
as acidosis.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
3. How many adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are produced in aerobic energy metabolism?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 34
d. 53
ANS: C
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
A This is incorrect. In anaerobic energy metabolism, 2 ATPs and pyruvic acid are
produced.
B This is incorrect. In active transport, 3 sodium ions are pumped out. This takes
place in the plasma membrane.
C This is correct. The process of aerobic energy requires oxygen and provides the
maximum amount of energy for cellular function. The process yields 34 ATPs.
D This is incorrect. Aerobic energy metabolism produces 34 ATPs, not 53.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
4. Which cell organelles differ in their number according to the cell’s energy needs?
a. Ribosomes
b. Mitochondria
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
c. Ribonucleic acids
d. Deoxyribonucleic acids
ANS: B
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. Ribosomes are small, spherical-shaped organelles of the
ribosomal ribonucleic acid.
B This is correct. Cell types differ in their number of mitochondria according to
their energy needs. For example, muscle cells have abundant mitochondria
because they require a high amount of energy to function, whereas bone cells
have fewer mitochondria.
C This is incorrect. Ribonucleic acid is not affected by the cell’s energy needs.
D This is incorrect. Deoxyribonucleic acid contains double-stranded helical chains
containing various sequences of nucleotides. Its numbers are not affected by the
cell’s energy needs.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
5. Which option best supports the reason more energy is produced when a person is
exercising?
a. Exercise causes an increase in the synthesis of protein.
b. There is an increase in the production of pyruvic acid in the cells.
c. The conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid is increased by exercise.
d. Muscle cells have more mitochondria to meet energy demands.
ANS: D
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. Protein synthesis is the function of ribosomes. An increase in
the synthesis of proteins does not yield energy and is not directly related to
exercise.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
B This is incorrect. In aerobic energy metabolism created by exercise, anaerobic
metabolism, also referred to as glycolysis, occurs outside the mitochondria. In
anaerobic metabolism, glucose is used to create energy.
C This is incorrect. Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in cellular hypoxia is
noxious to cells and does not create energy.
D This is correct. Exercise stimulates mitochondria found in the muscle cells to
create energy. This process is supported by the increased number of
mitochondria found in muscle cells.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
6. When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?
a. During endoplasmic reticulum stress
b. During the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
c. During a severe hypoxic state
d. During the processing of prohormone
ANS: C
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 4
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Ribosomes>Endoplasmic Reticulum
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. Ribosomal protein synthesis does not cease during
endoplasmic reticulum stress.
B This is incorrect. ATP is synthesized in the energy metabolism. It does not
interfere with protein synthesis.
C This is correct. When the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply, the
ribosomal protein synthesis ceases.
D This is incorrect. The processing of prohormones to hormones does not cease the
process of protein synthesis.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
7. Which cellular organelles are responsible for propelling mucus and inhaled debris out of the
lungs?
a. Cilia
b. Microfilaments
c. Secretory vesicles
d. Endoplasmic reticula
ANS: A
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 5
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and
Microfilaments
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
A This is correct. The cilia are responsible for propelling the mucus and inhaled
debris out of the lungs using a sweeping motion.
B This is incorrect. Microfilaments help in changing the shape of certain cells,
such as macrophages, and help with contraction of muscle.
C This is incorrect. Secretory vesicles store substances, such as hormones, that are
secreted by cells before they are released into the extracellular space.
D This is incorrect. The endoplasmic reticulum aids in the transport of the
synthesized protein from the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
8. Which are the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells?
a. Actin and myosin
b. Prohormone and tubulin
c. Tubulin and actin
d. Myosin and prohormone
ANS: A
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 5
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and
Microfilaments
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
A This is correct. Actin and myosin are the key proteins in the contractile unit of
the muscle cells.
B This is incorrect. Prohormone and tubulin are not the key elements in the
contractile units of the muscle cells. Prohormones are transferred to the Golgi
apparatus to be converted into complete hormones, and tubulin is associated with
microtubule formation.
C This is incorrect. Tubulin and actin are not the key proteins in the contractile
units of the muscle cells. Microtubules are hollow filaments composed of
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
tubulin. So tubulin is associated with microtubule formation.
D This is incorrect. Prohormones are not one of the key proteins in the contractile
units of the muscle cells. They are transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be
converted into complete hormones.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
9. Which deficiency causes Tay–Sachs disease?
a. Proteasome
b. Peroxisome
c. Macrophage
d. Lysosomal enzymes
ANS: D
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 5
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Lysosomes>Lack of Lysosomal Enzymes and
Disease
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
A This is incorrect. A deficiency of proteasome in the cell does not cause
Tay–Sachs disease. Proteasome is an organelle that contains digestive enzymes
similar to lysosomes. Proteasomes degrade polypeptide chains and proteins.
B This is incorrect. A deficiency of peroxisomes in the cell does not cause
Tay–Sachs disease. Peroxisomes contain digestive enzymes such as lysosomes.
Peroxisomes break down the long-chain fatty acids and free radicals.
C This is incorrect. A deficiency of macrophages in the body does not cause
Tay–Sachs disease. Macrophages are the major defensive white blood cells of
the body. They contain a large number of lysosomes.
D This is correct. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes such as lysozyme,
proteases, and lipases to degrade the ingested foreign substances and cellular
debris. Tay–Sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by the
deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. It results because of the buildup of lipids in
the brain and spinal cord.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
10. Which is a characteristic of adrenoleukodystrophy?
a. Accumulation of ganglioside
b. Cessation of ribosomal protein synthesis
c. Acceleration of cellular proteasome activity
d. Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6|Page
, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
ANS: D
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 4
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Proteasomes and Peroxisomes
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. The deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, as in Tay–Sachs disease,
causes the accumulation of ganglioside in the central nervous system.
B This is incorrect. Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of cellular
proteins. In severe hypoxic states, ribosomal protein synthesis ceases, resulting
in decreased synthesis of protein.
C This is incorrect. Cachexia, or wasting of body mass, is associated with
accelerated proteasome activity. It is often seen in conditions such as cancer.
D This is correct. Adrenoleukodystrophy is associated with dysfunction of the
peroxisomes. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of long-chain
fatty acids in the nervous system. The disease causes the deterioration of the
nervous system and eventually leads to death.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
11. Which statement regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is correct?
a. During ER stress, proteins are rapidly degraded.
b. During ER stress, lipids cannot travel to their proper intracellular locations.
c. During ER stress, long-chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system.
d. During ER stress, nondegraded substances accumulate in the cells.
ANS: A
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 4
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is correct. Proteins are rapidly degraded during ER stress.
B This is incorrect. Proteins cannot travel to their exact intracellular locations
during ER stress.
C This is incorrect. Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system
is not associated with ER stress.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7|Page
Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical
Perspectives
Theresa Capriotti
2nd Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 The Cell in Health and Illness 1
Chapter 02 Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes 18
Chapter 03 Genetic Basis of Disease 36
Chapter 04 Stress, Exercise and Immobility 54
Chapter 05 Obesity and Nutritional Imbalances 72
Chapter 06 Pain 89
Chapter 07 Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances 103
Chapter 08 Acid–Base Balances 120
Chapter 09 Infection and Inflammation 137
Chapter 10 Infectious Diseases 155
Chapter 11 Disorders of the Immune System 171
Chapter 12 White Blood Cell Disorders 190
Chapter 13 Infection and Inflammation 207
Chapter 14 Disorders of Platelets, Hemostasis, and Coagulation 225
Chapter 15 Arterial Disorders 243
Chapter 16 Ischemic Heart Disease and Conduction Disorders 261
Chapter 17 Heart Failure 279
Chapter 18 Valvular Heart Disease 296
Chapter 19 Disorders of the Venous System 313
Chapter 20 Respiratory Inflammation and Infection 330
Chapter 21 Skin Disorders 347
Chapter 22 Renal Disorders 365
Chapter 23 Urological Disorders 385
Chapter 24 Endocrine Disorders 404
Chapter 25 Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome 422
Chapter 26 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 441
Chapter 27 Disorders of Male Reproductive System 460
Chapter 28 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 477
Chapter 29 Disorders of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine 495
Chapter 30 Common Disorders of the Large Intestine 515
Chapter 31 Infection, Inflammation and Cirrhosis of the Liver 533
Chapter 32 Gallbladder, Pancreatic and Bile Duct Dysfunction 551
Chapter 33 Cerebrovascular Disorders 570
Chapter 34 Chronic and Degenerative Neurologic Disorders 589
Chapter 35 Brain and Spinal Cord Injury 607
Chapter 36 Psychobiology of Behavioral Disorders 626
Chapter 37 Musculoskeletal Trauma 645
Chapter 38 Degenerative Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System 663
Chapter 39 Infection and Inflammatory Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 681
Chapter 40 Cancer 699
,Chapter 41 Skin Disorders 717
Chapter 42 Burns 735
Chapter 43 Eye Disorders 754
Chapter 44 Ear Disorders 773
Chapter 45 Pathophysiologic Concepts of Aging 791
Chapter 46 SIRS, Sepsis, Shock, MODS, and Death 809
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement regarding the sodium–potassium pump is correct?
a. The cell’s plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than potassium ions.
b. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment.
c. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher outside the cell
compartment.
d. The active transport involves pumping out three sodium ions and pumping in two
potassium ions.
ANS: D
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 1
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump)
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. The plasma membrane of the cell is less soluble to sodium ions
and more soluble to potassium ions.
B This is incorrect. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher outside the
cell compartment.
C This is incorrect. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher inside
the cell compartment.
D This is correct. In active transport, for every three sodium ions pumped out, two
potassium ions are pumped in.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
2. In the absence of oxygen, which cellular function creates the same amount of energy as is
created in the presence of oxygen?
a. Dissipation of pyruvic acid
b. Initiation of the citric acid cycle
c. Activation of acetyl-coenzyme A
d. Creation of acidosis via lactic acid
ANS: B
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Difficult
Feedback
A This is incorrect. When oxygen is not available, anaerobic metabolism produces
significantly less cellular energy: a net yield of 2 ATP, as well as pyruvic acid.
B This is correct. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into
acetyl-coenzyme A, which triggers a series of reactions known as the Krebs
cycle, also called the citric acid cycle.
C This is incorrect. Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, not
activated.
D This is incorrect. In cellular hypoxia, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid,
which is noxious to cells, causing muscle pain and biochemical alterations such
as acidosis.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
3. How many adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are produced in aerobic energy metabolism?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 34
d. 53
ANS: C
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
A This is incorrect. In anaerobic energy metabolism, 2 ATPs and pyruvic acid are
produced.
B This is incorrect. In active transport, 3 sodium ions are pumped out. This takes
place in the plasma membrane.
C This is correct. The process of aerobic energy requires oxygen and provides the
maximum amount of energy for cellular function. The process yields 34 ATPs.
D This is incorrect. Aerobic energy metabolism produces 34 ATPs, not 53.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
4. Which cell organelles differ in their number according to the cell’s energy needs?
a. Ribosomes
b. Mitochondria
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
c. Ribonucleic acids
d. Deoxyribonucleic acids
ANS: B
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. Ribosomes are small, spherical-shaped organelles of the
ribosomal ribonucleic acid.
B This is correct. Cell types differ in their number of mitochondria according to
their energy needs. For example, muscle cells have abundant mitochondria
because they require a high amount of energy to function, whereas bone cells
have fewer mitochondria.
C This is incorrect. Ribonucleic acid is not affected by the cell’s energy needs.
D This is incorrect. Deoxyribonucleic acid contains double-stranded helical chains
containing various sequences of nucleotides. Its numbers are not affected by the
cell’s energy needs.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
5. Which option best supports the reason more energy is produced when a person is
exercising?
a. Exercise causes an increase in the synthesis of protein.
b. There is an increase in the production of pyruvic acid in the cells.
c. The conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid is increased by exercise.
d. Muscle cells have more mitochondria to meet energy demands.
ANS: D
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 3
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. Protein synthesis is the function of ribosomes. An increase in
the synthesis of proteins does not yield energy and is not directly related to
exercise.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
B This is incorrect. In aerobic energy metabolism created by exercise, anaerobic
metabolism, also referred to as glycolysis, occurs outside the mitochondria. In
anaerobic metabolism, glucose is used to create energy.
C This is incorrect. Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in cellular hypoxia is
noxious to cells and does not create energy.
D This is correct. Exercise stimulates mitochondria found in the muscle cells to
create energy. This process is supported by the increased number of
mitochondria found in muscle cells.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
6. When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?
a. During endoplasmic reticulum stress
b. During the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
c. During a severe hypoxic state
d. During the processing of prohormone
ANS: C
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 4
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Ribosomes>Endoplasmic Reticulum
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. Ribosomal protein synthesis does not cease during
endoplasmic reticulum stress.
B This is incorrect. ATP is synthesized in the energy metabolism. It does not
interfere with protein synthesis.
C This is correct. When the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply, the
ribosomal protein synthesis ceases.
D This is incorrect. The processing of prohormones to hormones does not cease the
process of protein synthesis.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
7. Which cellular organelles are responsible for propelling mucus and inhaled debris out of the
lungs?
a. Cilia
b. Microfilaments
c. Secretory vesicles
d. Endoplasmic reticula
ANS: A
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 5
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and
Microfilaments
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
A This is correct. The cilia are responsible for propelling the mucus and inhaled
debris out of the lungs using a sweeping motion.
B This is incorrect. Microfilaments help in changing the shape of certain cells,
such as macrophages, and help with contraction of muscle.
C This is incorrect. Secretory vesicles store substances, such as hormones, that are
secreted by cells before they are released into the extracellular space.
D This is incorrect. The endoplasmic reticulum aids in the transport of the
synthesized protein from the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
8. Which are the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells?
a. Actin and myosin
b. Prohormone and tubulin
c. Tubulin and actin
d. Myosin and prohormone
ANS: A
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 5
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and
Microfilaments
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
A This is correct. Actin and myosin are the key proteins in the contractile unit of
the muscle cells.
B This is incorrect. Prohormone and tubulin are not the key elements in the
contractile units of the muscle cells. Prohormones are transferred to the Golgi
apparatus to be converted into complete hormones, and tubulin is associated with
microtubule formation.
C This is incorrect. Tubulin and actin are not the key proteins in the contractile
units of the muscle cells. Microtubules are hollow filaments composed of
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
tubulin. So tubulin is associated with microtubule formation.
D This is incorrect. Prohormones are not one of the key proteins in the contractile
units of the muscle cells. They are transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be
converted into complete hormones.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
9. Which deficiency causes Tay–Sachs disease?
a. Proteasome
b. Peroxisome
c. Macrophage
d. Lysosomal enzymes
ANS: D
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 5
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Lysosomes>Lack of Lysosomal Enzymes and
Disease
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback
A This is incorrect. A deficiency of proteasome in the cell does not cause
Tay–Sachs disease. Proteasome is an organelle that contains digestive enzymes
similar to lysosomes. Proteasomes degrade polypeptide chains and proteins.
B This is incorrect. A deficiency of peroxisomes in the cell does not cause
Tay–Sachs disease. Peroxisomes contain digestive enzymes such as lysosomes.
Peroxisomes break down the long-chain fatty acids and free radicals.
C This is incorrect. A deficiency of macrophages in the body does not cause
Tay–Sachs disease. Macrophages are the major defensive white blood cells of
the body. They contain a large number of lysosomes.
D This is correct. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes such as lysozyme,
proteases, and lipases to degrade the ingested foreign substances and cellular
debris. Tay–Sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by the
deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. It results because of the buildup of lipids in
the brain and spinal cord.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
10. Which is a characteristic of adrenoleukodystrophy?
a. Accumulation of ganglioside
b. Cessation of ribosomal protein synthesis
c. Acceleration of cellular proteasome activity
d. Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6|Page
, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd Edition (Capriotti, 2021)
ANS: D
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 4
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Proteasomes and Peroxisomes
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is incorrect. The deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, as in Tay–Sachs disease,
causes the accumulation of ganglioside in the central nervous system.
B This is incorrect. Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of cellular
proteins. In severe hypoxic states, ribosomal protein synthesis ceases, resulting
in decreased synthesis of protein.
C This is incorrect. Cachexia, or wasting of body mass, is associated with
accelerated proteasome activity. It is often seen in conditions such as cancer.
D This is correct. Adrenoleukodystrophy is associated with dysfunction of the
peroxisomes. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of long-chain
fatty acids in the nervous system. The disease causes the deterioration of the
nervous system and eventually leads to death.
PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation
11. Which statement regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is correct?
a. During ER stress, proteins are rapidly degraded.
b. During ER stress, lipids cannot travel to their proper intracellular locations.
c. During ER stress, long-chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system.
d. During ER stress, nondegraded substances accumulate in the cells.
ANS: A
Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness
Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.
Page: 4
Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Cellular Regulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Feedback
A This is correct. Proteins are rapidly degraded during ER stress.
B This is incorrect. Proteins cannot travel to their exact intracellular locations
during ER stress.
C This is incorrect. Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system
is not associated with ER stress.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7|Page
