NUR 480 – Questions With Trusted Solutions
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Terms in this set (98)
Host (human, animal)
Epi triad Environment (physical, biological, social, & cultural)
Agent (bateria, fungi, parasites, & viruses)
When data is gathered to make informed diseases.
The continuous, systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of health-related data needed for the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public
Surveillance
health practice
-Epidemic
-Endemic
-Pandemic
Epidemic A significant increase in disease
Endemic The constant number of disease within a population
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and
Pandemic
affects a very high proportion of the population.
Despite extraordinary advances in development of
countermeasures:
-The ease of World travel and increased Global
interdependence have added layers of complexity to
Emerging infections:
Containing infectious diseases that affect not only the
History
health but economic stability of societies
-Infectious diseases have been emerging and
reemerging over millennia and are driven by numerous
factors.
-Black Death (bubonic/pneumonic plague) in the 14th
The deadliest pandemics in century (25-40 million deaths),
history -1918 influenza pandemic (50 million deaths)
-HIV/AIDS pandemic (35 million deaths)
Categories of emerging 1. Newly emerging
infections 2. Reemerging
, Diseases recognized in the human host for the first time
Newly emerging diseases
-(HIV/AIDS)
Diseases that have historically infected humans, but
continue to appear in new locations or drug-resistant
Reemerging diseases forms, or that reappear after apparent control or
elimination
-(Dengue & West Nile Virus)
An example fo a reemerging disease:
-Viruses evolve rapidly in response to changing host &
environmental circumstances
Influenza -Able to evolve continually by antigenic drift, intra-
subtyic reassortment & antigenic shift - 2009 H1N1 virus
was a descendant of 1918 virus
-Reason that new vaccines is develop annually
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in
body tissues
Infection
-RF: AI diseases (DM), pre-existing respiratory illness
-Consequences: death, economic depression
1.Prepare for field work
2.Establish the existence of an outbreak
3.Verify the diagnosis
4.Construct a working case definition
5.Find cases systematically and record information
6.Perform descriptive epidemiology
7.Develop hypotheses
Steps of outbreak
8.Evaluate hypotheses epidemiologically
investigation
9.As necessary, reconsider, refine, and re-evaluate
hypotheses
10.Compare and reconcile with laboratory and/or
environmental studies
11.Implement control and prevention measures
12.Initiate or maintain surveillance
13.Communicate findings
, -A standard set of criteria for deciding whether an
individual should be classified as having the health
condition of interest.
-Includes Clinical Criteria and - in the setting of an
outbreak investigation - restrictions by time, place and
person (descriptive epi)
Case definition (step 4 of
-Investigators may classify cases as confirmed,
outbreak investigation)
probable or possible.
-May be a "loose" definition, which may be tightened
later on.
Example: Abdominal cramps and diarrhea (at least three
stools in a 24 hr period) in a school-age child with onset
during the same period.
The aspect of epidemiology concerned with organizing
and summarizing health-related data according to time,
place, and person
Descriptive epidemiology
-Collection & analysis of data
-Epi curve: uses histogram to illustrate mode of spread,
periods of exposure
Notifiable infectious diseases
-Providers MUST report to local/regional health
departments -> state health department -> CDC
Communicate findings
-Report weekly in the MMWR
(step 13 of outbreak
-State health departments have the responsibility for
investigation)
monitoring and controlling communicable diseases
within their respective states; they determine which
disease will be reported within their jurisdiction
Receiving calls from affected residents
Receiving calls from healthcare providers:
What are the most common
ways that a local health Most outbreaks come to the attention of health
department uncovers the authorities because an alert clinician or a concerned
outbreak? case-patient (or parent of a case-patient) calls. The
other methods listed occasionally detect outbreaks, but
less frequently.
Save
Terms in this set (98)
Host (human, animal)
Epi triad Environment (physical, biological, social, & cultural)
Agent (bateria, fungi, parasites, & viruses)
When data is gathered to make informed diseases.
The continuous, systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of health-related data needed for the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public
Surveillance
health practice
-Epidemic
-Endemic
-Pandemic
Epidemic A significant increase in disease
Endemic The constant number of disease within a population
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and
Pandemic
affects a very high proportion of the population.
Despite extraordinary advances in development of
countermeasures:
-The ease of World travel and increased Global
interdependence have added layers of complexity to
Emerging infections:
Containing infectious diseases that affect not only the
History
health but economic stability of societies
-Infectious diseases have been emerging and
reemerging over millennia and are driven by numerous
factors.
-Black Death (bubonic/pneumonic plague) in the 14th
The deadliest pandemics in century (25-40 million deaths),
history -1918 influenza pandemic (50 million deaths)
-HIV/AIDS pandemic (35 million deaths)
Categories of emerging 1. Newly emerging
infections 2. Reemerging
, Diseases recognized in the human host for the first time
Newly emerging diseases
-(HIV/AIDS)
Diseases that have historically infected humans, but
continue to appear in new locations or drug-resistant
Reemerging diseases forms, or that reappear after apparent control or
elimination
-(Dengue & West Nile Virus)
An example fo a reemerging disease:
-Viruses evolve rapidly in response to changing host &
environmental circumstances
Influenza -Able to evolve continually by antigenic drift, intra-
subtyic reassortment & antigenic shift - 2009 H1N1 virus
was a descendant of 1918 virus
-Reason that new vaccines is develop annually
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in
body tissues
Infection
-RF: AI diseases (DM), pre-existing respiratory illness
-Consequences: death, economic depression
1.Prepare for field work
2.Establish the existence of an outbreak
3.Verify the diagnosis
4.Construct a working case definition
5.Find cases systematically and record information
6.Perform descriptive epidemiology
7.Develop hypotheses
Steps of outbreak
8.Evaluate hypotheses epidemiologically
investigation
9.As necessary, reconsider, refine, and re-evaluate
hypotheses
10.Compare and reconcile with laboratory and/or
environmental studies
11.Implement control and prevention measures
12.Initiate or maintain surveillance
13.Communicate findings
, -A standard set of criteria for deciding whether an
individual should be classified as having the health
condition of interest.
-Includes Clinical Criteria and - in the setting of an
outbreak investigation - restrictions by time, place and
person (descriptive epi)
Case definition (step 4 of
-Investigators may classify cases as confirmed,
outbreak investigation)
probable or possible.
-May be a "loose" definition, which may be tightened
later on.
Example: Abdominal cramps and diarrhea (at least three
stools in a 24 hr period) in a school-age child with onset
during the same period.
The aspect of epidemiology concerned with organizing
and summarizing health-related data according to time,
place, and person
Descriptive epidemiology
-Collection & analysis of data
-Epi curve: uses histogram to illustrate mode of spread,
periods of exposure
Notifiable infectious diseases
-Providers MUST report to local/regional health
departments -> state health department -> CDC
Communicate findings
-Report weekly in the MMWR
(step 13 of outbreak
-State health departments have the responsibility for
investigation)
monitoring and controlling communicable diseases
within their respective states; they determine which
disease will be reported within their jurisdiction
Receiving calls from affected residents
Receiving calls from healthcare providers:
What are the most common
ways that a local health Most outbreaks come to the attention of health
department uncovers the authorities because an alert clinician or a concerned
outbreak? case-patient (or parent of a case-patient) calls. The
other methods listed occasionally detect outbreaks, but
less frequently.
