NR 507 MIDTERM / NR507 ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
1. A patient with chronic hypoxia develops clubbing. What mechanism best
explains this finding?
A. Decreased erythropoietin production
B. Increased connective tissue growth
C. Reduction in peripheral blood flow
D. Localized vasoconstriction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypoxia triggers growth factors that increase vascular
connective tissue at the nail base, leading to clubbing.
2. Which cellular adaptation is most associated with reversible myocardial
injury from hypertension?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cardiac muscle cells cannot increase in number (no hyperplasia)
and respond to workload by increasing cell size.
3. A patient with sepsis develops lactic acidosis. What is the underlying cause?
A. Mitochondrial overactivity
,NR 507 MIDTERM / NR507 ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
B. Increased anaerobic metabolism
C. Excess oxygen delivery
D. Decreased glycolysis
,NR 507 MIDTERM / NR507 ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Shock states impair cellular oxygenation → cells switch to
anaerobic metabolism → lactate rises.
4. Prolonged cortisol elevation during chronic stress results in which
physiologic effect?
A. Enhanced immune function
B. Increased protein synthesis
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Hypotension
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis and decreases insulin
sensitivity → elevated serum glucose.
5. Which process explains edema formation in nephrotic syndrome?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Increased capillary permeability
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Protein loss in urine → ↓ albumin → ↓ oncotic pressure → fluid shifts
into interstitial space.
, NR 507 MIDTERM / NR507 ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
6. Which electrolyte abnormality is most associated with peaked T waves on
ECG?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
1. A patient with chronic hypoxia develops clubbing. What mechanism best
explains this finding?
A. Decreased erythropoietin production
B. Increased connective tissue growth
C. Reduction in peripheral blood flow
D. Localized vasoconstriction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypoxia triggers growth factors that increase vascular
connective tissue at the nail base, leading to clubbing.
2. Which cellular adaptation is most associated with reversible myocardial
injury from hypertension?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cardiac muscle cells cannot increase in number (no hyperplasia)
and respond to workload by increasing cell size.
3. A patient with sepsis develops lactic acidosis. What is the underlying cause?
A. Mitochondrial overactivity
,NR 507 MIDTERM / NR507 ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
B. Increased anaerobic metabolism
C. Excess oxygen delivery
D. Decreased glycolysis
,NR 507 MIDTERM / NR507 ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Shock states impair cellular oxygenation → cells switch to
anaerobic metabolism → lactate rises.
4. Prolonged cortisol elevation during chronic stress results in which
physiologic effect?
A. Enhanced immune function
B. Increased protein synthesis
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Hypotension
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis and decreases insulin
sensitivity → elevated serum glucose.
5. Which process explains edema formation in nephrotic syndrome?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Increased capillary permeability
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Protein loss in urine → ↓ albumin → ↓ oncotic pressure → fluid shifts
into interstitial space.
, NR 507 MIDTERM / NR507 ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
6. Which electrolyte abnormality is most associated with peaked T waves on
ECG?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
