SPCE 630 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Research - Answer -The systematic investigation and manipulation of variables to
identify associations and understand processes that occur in typical contexts.
Applied Research - Answer -Involves systematic investigation related to the pursuit of
knowledge in practical realms or to solve real-world problems.
**Most interested in determining the relation between independent and dependent
variables.
Independent Variable - Answer -The variables manipulated by researchers
Dependent Variables - Answer -The variables we expect to change given the
manipulation.
Applied research focuses on... - Answer -Specific problems of learning and
reinforcement in schools, clinics, and communities while also making a direct impact on
clients and consumers.
Single case designs (SCDs) are well suited to... - Answer -answer applied problems
that have been acknowledged for decades.
Interventions found to be effective in resource rich controlled settings.... - Answer -May
not be able to be carried out at the same level of fidelity thus affecting the outcome of
the intervention.
Adequate internal validity - Answer -When studies ensure the outcomes are related to
your intervention procedures rather than extraneous factors.
Experimental control - Answer -Shows that the experimental procedures (intervention)
and only the experimental procedures are responsible for the behavior change.
Functional Relation - Answer -When the change in the dependent variable is causally
related to the implementation of the independent variable, the study is said to have this.
Evidence-based practice - Answer -Refers to the intervention procedures that have
been scientifically verified as being effective for changing specific behaviors.
Practice (as it relates to education) - Answer -"A curriculum, behavioral intervention,
systems
change, or educational approach designed to be used by families, educators, or
students with the express expectation that implementation will result in measurable
educational, social, behavioral, or physical benefit" (Horner et al., 2005)
,The research question - Answer -Should determine the research method (group, single
case, or qualitative) and design chosen.
Reliability - Answer -The consistency of defining the target behavior clearly and
concisely that way two observers consistently agree on scoring.
**consistency!!
What is at the heart of the scientific method? - Answer -replication
Experimental studies include - Answer --Descriptions of the target behaviors
-Predictions regarding what impact the independent variable will have on the dependent
variables
-Appropriate tests to see if the prediction is correct.
Threats to internal validity - Answer -Variables other than the planned independent
variable that could result in changes in the dependent variables.
Experimental group design studies - Answer -Randomly assign participants to a study
condition (ex. experimental group or control group)
Quasi-experimental group design studies - Answer -Do not use random assignment of
participants but other strategies to control for differences. (Ex. counterbalancing
techniques or participant matching)
In experimental designs, if the prediction "proves" true, it is said... - Answer -There is a
functional relation between the independent and dependent variables.
Correlational studies - Answer -Have no manipulation of the independent variable by
the investigator.
Nomothetic research approaches - Answer -Are generally based in natural sciences
and are characterized by attempting to explain associations that can be generalized to a
group given certain characteristics.
Idiographic approaches - Answer -Are common in the humanities, and attempt to
specify associations that vary based on certain characteristics or contingencies present
for the participants or case of interest.
Group Research Approach - Answer -Groups of participants assigned to each study
condition are equivalent on "key" characteristics or status.
**Group comparison design cannot be generalized to the individual.
, Qualitiative Research - Answer -An "umbrella" term that refers to the number of
descriptive research approaches that investigate the quality of relationships, activities,
situations, or materials.
Ex. Case study approach, ethnography, phenomenology, deductive analysis, inductive
analysis.
Case study approach - Answer -Entails an in-depth and detailed description of one or
more cases.
Ethnography - Answer -Refers to the study of culture, in which the investigator
unobtrusively observes people in their natural setting without an attempt to influence
their behavior or event.
Phenomenology - Answer -The study of people's reactions and perceptions of a
particular event.
Deductive analysis - Answer -when a hypothesis is formulated prior to conducting a
study to test a theory
Inductive analysis - Answer -When researchers collect data and describe themes or
trends in the data without offering a theory
Validity - Answer -accuracy
Single Case Design (SCD) - Answer -quantitative experimental research approach in
which study participants serve as their own control
Baseline logic - Answer -When participants serve as their own control.
What will determine the level of confidence you should have in the findings? - Answer -
The extent to which threats of validity are evaluated and controlled for, along with the
presence of a sufficient number of direct replications.
History - Answer -A threat to internal validity that refers to evens that occur during an
experiment, but that are not related to planned procedural changes that may influence
the outcome.
Maturation - Answer -A threat to internal validity that refers to changes in behavior due
to the passage of time.
Testing - Answer -A threat to internal validity that requires participants to respond to the
same test repeatedly.
Ex. Facilitative effect and inhibitive effect.
Research - Answer -The systematic investigation and manipulation of variables to
identify associations and understand processes that occur in typical contexts.
Applied Research - Answer -Involves systematic investigation related to the pursuit of
knowledge in practical realms or to solve real-world problems.
**Most interested in determining the relation between independent and dependent
variables.
Independent Variable - Answer -The variables manipulated by researchers
Dependent Variables - Answer -The variables we expect to change given the
manipulation.
Applied research focuses on... - Answer -Specific problems of learning and
reinforcement in schools, clinics, and communities while also making a direct impact on
clients and consumers.
Single case designs (SCDs) are well suited to... - Answer -answer applied problems
that have been acknowledged for decades.
Interventions found to be effective in resource rich controlled settings.... - Answer -May
not be able to be carried out at the same level of fidelity thus affecting the outcome of
the intervention.
Adequate internal validity - Answer -When studies ensure the outcomes are related to
your intervention procedures rather than extraneous factors.
Experimental control - Answer -Shows that the experimental procedures (intervention)
and only the experimental procedures are responsible for the behavior change.
Functional Relation - Answer -When the change in the dependent variable is causally
related to the implementation of the independent variable, the study is said to have this.
Evidence-based practice - Answer -Refers to the intervention procedures that have
been scientifically verified as being effective for changing specific behaviors.
Practice (as it relates to education) - Answer -"A curriculum, behavioral intervention,
systems
change, or educational approach designed to be used by families, educators, or
students with the express expectation that implementation will result in measurable
educational, social, behavioral, or physical benefit" (Horner et al., 2005)
,The research question - Answer -Should determine the research method (group, single
case, or qualitative) and design chosen.
Reliability - Answer -The consistency of defining the target behavior clearly and
concisely that way two observers consistently agree on scoring.
**consistency!!
What is at the heart of the scientific method? - Answer -replication
Experimental studies include - Answer --Descriptions of the target behaviors
-Predictions regarding what impact the independent variable will have on the dependent
variables
-Appropriate tests to see if the prediction is correct.
Threats to internal validity - Answer -Variables other than the planned independent
variable that could result in changes in the dependent variables.
Experimental group design studies - Answer -Randomly assign participants to a study
condition (ex. experimental group or control group)
Quasi-experimental group design studies - Answer -Do not use random assignment of
participants but other strategies to control for differences. (Ex. counterbalancing
techniques or participant matching)
In experimental designs, if the prediction "proves" true, it is said... - Answer -There is a
functional relation between the independent and dependent variables.
Correlational studies - Answer -Have no manipulation of the independent variable by
the investigator.
Nomothetic research approaches - Answer -Are generally based in natural sciences
and are characterized by attempting to explain associations that can be generalized to a
group given certain characteristics.
Idiographic approaches - Answer -Are common in the humanities, and attempt to
specify associations that vary based on certain characteristics or contingencies present
for the participants or case of interest.
Group Research Approach - Answer -Groups of participants assigned to each study
condition are equivalent on "key" characteristics or status.
**Group comparison design cannot be generalized to the individual.
, Qualitiative Research - Answer -An "umbrella" term that refers to the number of
descriptive research approaches that investigate the quality of relationships, activities,
situations, or materials.
Ex. Case study approach, ethnography, phenomenology, deductive analysis, inductive
analysis.
Case study approach - Answer -Entails an in-depth and detailed description of one or
more cases.
Ethnography - Answer -Refers to the study of culture, in which the investigator
unobtrusively observes people in their natural setting without an attempt to influence
their behavior or event.
Phenomenology - Answer -The study of people's reactions and perceptions of a
particular event.
Deductive analysis - Answer -when a hypothesis is formulated prior to conducting a
study to test a theory
Inductive analysis - Answer -When researchers collect data and describe themes or
trends in the data without offering a theory
Validity - Answer -accuracy
Single Case Design (SCD) - Answer -quantitative experimental research approach in
which study participants serve as their own control
Baseline logic - Answer -When participants serve as their own control.
What will determine the level of confidence you should have in the findings? - Answer -
The extent to which threats of validity are evaluated and controlled for, along with the
presence of a sufficient number of direct replications.
History - Answer -A threat to internal validity that refers to evens that occur during an
experiment, but that are not related to planned procedural changes that may influence
the outcome.
Maturation - Answer -A threat to internal validity that refers to changes in behavior due
to the passage of time.
Testing - Answer -A threat to internal validity that requires participants to respond to the
same test repeatedly.
Ex. Facilitative effect and inhibitive effect.
