PSY 1102 FINAL SET EXAM 2025

PSY 1102 PSY 1102 FINAL SET EXAM 2025 Bystander Effect - -the effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping Social responsibility norm - -an expectation that people will help those needing their help Reciprocity norm - -the expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them Social exchange theory - -the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs Altruism - -the unselfish regard for the welfare of others Frustration-aggression principle - -the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression Self-disclosure - -the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others Equity - -a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it Aggression - -any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally Companionate love - -the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined Passionate love - -an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship Halo effect - -the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well Mere exposure effect - -the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them Groupthink - -the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives Group polarization - -the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group PSY 1102 PSY 1102 Deindividuation - -the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity Social loafing - -the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable Social facilitation - -improved performance on a simple or well-learned task in the presence of others Chameleon effect - -the unconscious mimicking of others (unconscious behavioural conformity_ Informational social influence - -influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality Normative social influence - -influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Social norms - -understood rules for accepted and expected behaviour Conformity - -adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide with a group tandard Ingroup bias - -the tendency to favour one's own group Outgroup - -those perceived as different or apart from the ingroup Ingroup - -people with whom we share a common identity Just-world phenomenon - -the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get Scapegoat theory - -the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame Discrimination - -unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group and its members Stereotype - -a generalized (though sometimes accurate) belief about a group of people Prejudice - -an unjustifiable and unusually negative attitude toward a group and its members Cognitive dissonance - -the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent Role - -a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave PSY 1102 PSY 1102 Foot-in-the-door phenomenon - -the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request Central route pesuasion - -occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts Peripheral route persuasion - -occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues Attitude - -feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events Fundamental attribution error - -the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behaviour, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition Attribution theory - -the theory that we explain someone's behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition Social psychology - -the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another Posttraumatic growth - -positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises Cingulotomy - -a psychosurgical procedure that destroys the cingulum with precise electrodes Lobotomy - -a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients; the procedure involves cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain Psychosurgery - -surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behaviour Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation - -the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity Electroconvulsive therapy - -a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is passed through the brain of an anesthetized patient Antidepressants - -drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder Anti-anxiety drugs - -drugs used to control anxiety and agitation PSY 1102 PSY 1102 Antipsychotic drugs - -drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder (especially in the form of positive symptoms) Psychopharmacology - -the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behaviour Evidence-based practice - -clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences Therapeutic alliance - -a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and a client Meta-analysis - -a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies Family therapy - -therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual's unwanted behaviours as influenced by or directed at, other family members Group therapy - -therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction Cognitive-behavioural therapy - -a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behaviour therapy (changing behaviour) Stress inoculation training - -teaching people to restructure their thinking during a stressful situation Cognitive therapy - -therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Token economy - -an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behaviour and can later exchange their tokens for various privileges or treats Aversive conditioning - -a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behaviour Flooding - -exposure to a feared object/event for a long time until anxiety decreases Virtual reality exposure therapy - -anxiety-treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, etc. Systematic desensitization - -a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias PSY 1102 PSY 1102 Exposure therapies - -behavioural techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid