HRM 446 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Efficiency - Answers conveying info as quick as possible
effectiveness - Answers extent to which the listener understands your message
efficiency and effectiveness - Answers best leaders can do both ?
leadership - Answers the ability to inspire confidence and support from the people whose help
you need to achieve your agenda (influence to encourage others)
power - Answers capacity of a person, team, or org to influence others (can make people do
something)
Not all people in power are leaders, but every leader has power - Answers not all people in
_______ are _______, but all __________ have _________
leader - Answers expert in understanding all facets of the organizational relationships between
operations, R&D, etc.
manager - Answers understand their specific responsibility/role within a segment of the
organization. can possess leadership traits and skills, but are expected to apply them in a
routine way to narrower segment of the org
Managers may not have the same skill set, they are more risk averse, and prefer short term
plans (operational).
Leaders don't necessarily have formal authority and prioritize long term action plans (strategic
visions). - Answers how are managers different from leaders
follower - Answers - someone who supports or is guided by another person
- Rank isn't important
- Don't necessarily have a position in the organization
Subordinates - Answers - someone in a position of less power or authority than someone else
implicit leadership theory - Answers followers' perceptions of an ideal leader influences
followers' evaluations of actual leaders
incongruence (leadership theory) - Answers difference between your leader and your leader
prototype (too short, dresses informally but is smart) makes them less likely to trust you, so you
have to work harder to gain peoples' trust
congruence (implicit leadership theory) - Answers makes followers more likely to listen even if
leaders are less qualified
, leader prototypes - Answers preconceived beliefs about the features and behaviors of effective
leaders
conventional leadership traits - Answers Some people might be predisposed to these traits or
find it easier to learn, but anyone can practice and learn these traits
need for achievement, intelligence, decisiveness, self-confidence, initiative, supervisory ability -
Answers Conventional leadership traits
need for achievement - Answers desire to excel at tasks, not just easy ones
intelligence - Answers exceptional thinking/reasoning skills
crystallized intelligence - Answers the knowledge you already have and the ability to use it
effectively
ex- old people
fluid intelligence - Answers the ability to process new information rapidly
ex- young people
decisiveness - Answers ability to make difficult decisions without undue hesitation
self-confidence - Answers perceiving oneself as capable and effective
Initiative - Answers being a self-starter, completing tasks with minimal supervision from others
supervisory ability - Answers capacity to guide others towards completing tasks
dark triad - Answers Traits consistent with being a good leader but evil
Shows being an effective leader doesn't mean you are a good person
dark triad - Answers Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy
narcissism - Answers having a self-centered perspective, feelings of superiority, and a drive for
personal power and glory
Machiavellians - Answers a cynical view of human nature; condones opportunistic and unethical
ways of manipulating people
psychopath - Answers lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior, and a dearth of remorse
when your behavior harms others
Task oriented behaviors - Answers focuses on ensuring resources (people, equipment, etc.) are
used efficiently to complete tasks
Initiating structure leadership STYLE (task oriented behavior) - Answers - behavior that
Efficiency - Answers conveying info as quick as possible
effectiveness - Answers extent to which the listener understands your message
efficiency and effectiveness - Answers best leaders can do both ?
leadership - Answers the ability to inspire confidence and support from the people whose help
you need to achieve your agenda (influence to encourage others)
power - Answers capacity of a person, team, or org to influence others (can make people do
something)
Not all people in power are leaders, but every leader has power - Answers not all people in
_______ are _______, but all __________ have _________
leader - Answers expert in understanding all facets of the organizational relationships between
operations, R&D, etc.
manager - Answers understand their specific responsibility/role within a segment of the
organization. can possess leadership traits and skills, but are expected to apply them in a
routine way to narrower segment of the org
Managers may not have the same skill set, they are more risk averse, and prefer short term
plans (operational).
Leaders don't necessarily have formal authority and prioritize long term action plans (strategic
visions). - Answers how are managers different from leaders
follower - Answers - someone who supports or is guided by another person
- Rank isn't important
- Don't necessarily have a position in the organization
Subordinates - Answers - someone in a position of less power or authority than someone else
implicit leadership theory - Answers followers' perceptions of an ideal leader influences
followers' evaluations of actual leaders
incongruence (leadership theory) - Answers difference between your leader and your leader
prototype (too short, dresses informally but is smart) makes them less likely to trust you, so you
have to work harder to gain peoples' trust
congruence (implicit leadership theory) - Answers makes followers more likely to listen even if
leaders are less qualified
, leader prototypes - Answers preconceived beliefs about the features and behaviors of effective
leaders
conventional leadership traits - Answers Some people might be predisposed to these traits or
find it easier to learn, but anyone can practice and learn these traits
need for achievement, intelligence, decisiveness, self-confidence, initiative, supervisory ability -
Answers Conventional leadership traits
need for achievement - Answers desire to excel at tasks, not just easy ones
intelligence - Answers exceptional thinking/reasoning skills
crystallized intelligence - Answers the knowledge you already have and the ability to use it
effectively
ex- old people
fluid intelligence - Answers the ability to process new information rapidly
ex- young people
decisiveness - Answers ability to make difficult decisions without undue hesitation
self-confidence - Answers perceiving oneself as capable and effective
Initiative - Answers being a self-starter, completing tasks with minimal supervision from others
supervisory ability - Answers capacity to guide others towards completing tasks
dark triad - Answers Traits consistent with being a good leader but evil
Shows being an effective leader doesn't mean you are a good person
dark triad - Answers Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy
narcissism - Answers having a self-centered perspective, feelings of superiority, and a drive for
personal power and glory
Machiavellians - Answers a cynical view of human nature; condones opportunistic and unethical
ways of manipulating people
psychopath - Answers lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior, and a dearth of remorse
when your behavior harms others
Task oriented behaviors - Answers focuses on ensuring resources (people, equipment, etc.) are
used efficiently to complete tasks
Initiating structure leadership STYLE (task oriented behavior) - Answers - behavior that
