1.3.2: Charles I + The Personal Rule (1629-1640) RELIGION THOROUGH IN ENGLAND: LOCAL GOVERNMENT
REFORMS
William Laud: Son of a Clothier (Humble Background). Rose to
FINANCE power under DoB + became a key advisor to C. Wanted Uniformity in Thorough: Development of Effective + Efficient Govt.: eliminating
the CoE + Headed a Religious Court called The Star Chamber. corruption + ensure nepotism didn't interfere with local Govt. conduct.
Problems: Cost of Governing country using Ordinary income: wouldn't Executed in 1643. Accountability. Imposition of Royal Authority in regions it was typically
cover costs, Debt increased to £2m, No legal way of raising extra- weak. Paternalistic Government: State intervention in particular issues,
ordinary income Policies: Impose Uniformity. Destroy Puritanism. Restoring the without consent, for the interests of the community.
Fabric of the Church. Reinforcing Divine Right
Policies: 1. Financial Prudence (austerity): made peace with France + Thomas Wentworth: Fierce opponent of DoB, pricked + made Sherriff of
Spain, Reduced Household Goods, i.e. Anti-Supper, saving almost Imposing Uniformity: Conformity to the Book of Common Yorkshire. Devised the PoR + Imprisoned for refusing to pay TFL. Became
£80,000. 2. Fiscal Feudalism: C used prerogative powers to raise more Prayer + adherence to the 39 Articles + existing C most trusted advisor, known as 'The Grand Apostate'. Became Lord
revenue. 3. Extra-Parliamentary Taxes: C continued to collect T/P without ecclesiastical cannons. 'Metropolitical Visitations' to ensure Deputy Of Ireland, President of the Council of the North + Earl of Strafford.
consent enforced uniformity. Clergy disciplined, suspended or Executed in 1641.
deprived of livings for refusal. Altars at east end of church,
T/P: Extra-Parliamentary taxation on imports/exports. 1635: separated by altar rails with increased emphasis on Problems within Local Government
new Book of Rates issued. C only granted for 1 year but ceremony + ritual.
collected for longer - Parl. complained in PoR + 3 resolutions. Sheriffs - carried out unpopular measures such as the collection of taxes,
1631-35: £270,000 PA. 1635: £425,000 Destroying Puritanism: Used COHC + Star Chamber to i.e. ship money
prosecute Puritan critics of Church, i.e. Alexander Leighton
Recusansy Fines: Fines who refuse to attend compulsory (fined, pilloried, lashed + ears chopped off, nose slit + Constables - Drawn from local communities being loyal to them only, not
CofE services. Laud's religious reforms more Arminian: cheeks branded with S.L. for criticising bishops in 'Sion's the crown. Poor instruments for imposing central Govt. orders
angered Puritans. 1620s: £5,300 PA. 1634: £26,000 PA Plea Against the Prelacy’. Prynne, Bastwick + Burton wrote
pamphlets + faced large fines, prison sentences + brutal Justices of the Peace (JPs) - Formed an unreliable army. Only did the job
Distraint of Knighthood: Those with land £40+ had to attend punishments. 1633: Court of Exchequer ordered to enhance their social standing.
coronation to be knighted - fined if not. Not used since Tudor dissolution of Feoffees for Impropriations, an organisation
Times. Oliver Cromwell a victim. By 1635: £175,000. Everyone Lord Lieutenants - Organised local defence/mobilised county militia. In-
of wealthy Puritans trying to appoint Puritan preachers.
rich paid, but only a 1 time payment: strains loyalty to C equipt + Aristocratic based. Deputy Lieutenants did all the work.
Hostile books/pamphlets censored.
Monopolies: Sold corporations sole right to sell goods. Parl . Solutions
Restoring the Fabric of the Church: Many churches
declared in 1624 it was corruption. C sold to corporations dilapidated from neglect, i.e. lead stolen from roofs, Book of Orders (1631): Detailed instructions for Sheriffs
instead, not individuals. E.g. 'Popish Soap' raised concerns animals wondering. St Paul's Cathedral: 1633 Special Levy clarifying their role. Aimed to improve the lives of local people,
over Catholic Corruption. Every £100,000 for C, £750,000 for for restoration. Records kept of those who didn't pay. i.e. The Repair of Roads + Administering of Poor Relief, as
corporation. Popish Soap = £33,000 Address fundamental economic reasons for stated by land owners paying Poor Rates.
impoverishment: tithes paid to gentry instead of clergy -
Forestry Laws: Fine on Landowners who extended land past angered landowners Council of the North: TW was Lord President - he used the
ancient boundaries. No legal documentation to prove their
Courts to demand accountability, i.e. people who refused to pay
right, angering wealthy landowners. Raised £38,667 - Reinforcing Divine Right: Encouraged clergy to preach Poor Rates taken to court. Thought Strong Govt. was needed for
Landowners can't produce documentation. E.g. Earl of sermons supporting divine nature of royal authority. good of the people: meant protection for property/rights
Salisbury = £20,000 Bishops given prominent places in C Government, i.e.
1635: Bishop Juxon became Lord Treasurer. Improved Militia: Counties ordered to improve
Ship Money: Tax on coastal counties to provide ships in times
weapons/training. Commissioners appointed to oversee reforms
of national crisis. 1635: extended nationwide + inland. John Opposition
Hampden (Puritan MP) challenged - took to court and lost 7-5. Opposition
Moral (pyrrhic) victory for Hampden either way: inspired Direct: Avoided delivering the Book of Sports properly - went against
opponents + undermined C total power (instead of a 12-0 he Sabbatarianism. i.e. Edward Williams read to empty church, Stephen Bellasis sentenced to a month in prison for refusing to remove hat -
won by smallest margin possible). C viewed a national Dennison read, then preached against using 10 commandments. perceived as a rejection of royal authority. David Foulis accused TW of
emergency: only he could judge that. Hampden viewed it Prevent changes to Church Environment: Nathaniel Ward refused to corruption for failing to send fines for Distraint of Knighthood - charged with
unlawful in times of peace. Not in an emergency 3 years on follow Common Prayer Book, Parishioners of St. Gregory's Church slander.
from 1634. 90%+ compliance rate + £200,000 PA. Value fell refused to move communion table (brought in front of Privy Council).
from 1635-1639 to just £53,000 with a 25% compliance rate. Produced Pamphlets: i.e. Burton, For God and King 1636: accused Evaluation/Judgement
bishops of Catholicism. Williams, The Holy Table 1637: criticised the
THOROUGH IN IRELAND
Evaluation/Judgement SCOTLAND + THE BISHOP WARS Successful: Words of Edward Hyde: TOPIC ANALYSIS
'greatest calm and the fullest
word 'Altar' sounding like Popery rather than 'Table'.
measure of good luck', ensured poor farmers not illegally evicted by
Background:
Successful: Protestant
reduced debts Religion
to £1m,imposed.
crown ranHad Plantation
affairs Movement
properly, vast S vs E: Predominantly Presbyterian - any changes to the church MUST be done landowners, ensuredKey
wealthy issue: +Why
uniformity did the P.R. End?
efficiency
imposedpaid
upon them: Scottish/English 'planted' in Ireland to overthrow the Indirect: Many
carefully, as JEmigrated
had done to countriesYET:
previously. of Religious Freedom, +
C was insensitive like
was planning to undo
majority fines until 1637
Govt. Land taken away from Irish + given to protestant settlers. America. Massachusetts
all previous (1620) founded
religious harmony by the
- introduced 'Founding
a series Fathers',that undermined
of measures Short-Term Argumentaffected Long-Term Argument
Unsuccessful: Greater Govt. involvement local communities +
Unsuccessful: most policies short-term, caused popular hostility due to having 20,000 Puritans by 1630. 'New Haven' (1638) + 'Providence'
his P.R. Relative Stability Unsustainable FP: FP
finances, some resented enforced Royal authority, some lost benefits of
Problems: Alegality,
financialhostility/resentment
liability - annual deficit
with of £20,000 Cmainly due to (1636) major names via Puritan settlers. Throughout:
questionable traditional supporters corruption i.e. economically, abuseRPof power: TWonly short-term.
zealous
permanent army presence. TW sent to Ireland to impose Thorough - C Measures: Introduced the Scottish Cannons which were identical to English generally accepted, FP Evidenced through the
introduced policies symbolising the hatred of English Rule/Royal
Cannons. Enforcing Laudianism by introducing the English Common Prayer Book. attempted to Balance the 1st Bishops War, recalling
REFORMS
William Laud: Son of a Clothier (Humble Background). Rose to
FINANCE power under DoB + became a key advisor to C. Wanted Uniformity in Thorough: Development of Effective + Efficient Govt.: eliminating
the CoE + Headed a Religious Court called The Star Chamber. corruption + ensure nepotism didn't interfere with local Govt. conduct.
Problems: Cost of Governing country using Ordinary income: wouldn't Executed in 1643. Accountability. Imposition of Royal Authority in regions it was typically
cover costs, Debt increased to £2m, No legal way of raising extra- weak. Paternalistic Government: State intervention in particular issues,
ordinary income Policies: Impose Uniformity. Destroy Puritanism. Restoring the without consent, for the interests of the community.
Fabric of the Church. Reinforcing Divine Right
Policies: 1. Financial Prudence (austerity): made peace with France + Thomas Wentworth: Fierce opponent of DoB, pricked + made Sherriff of
Spain, Reduced Household Goods, i.e. Anti-Supper, saving almost Imposing Uniformity: Conformity to the Book of Common Yorkshire. Devised the PoR + Imprisoned for refusing to pay TFL. Became
£80,000. 2. Fiscal Feudalism: C used prerogative powers to raise more Prayer + adherence to the 39 Articles + existing C most trusted advisor, known as 'The Grand Apostate'. Became Lord
revenue. 3. Extra-Parliamentary Taxes: C continued to collect T/P without ecclesiastical cannons. 'Metropolitical Visitations' to ensure Deputy Of Ireland, President of the Council of the North + Earl of Strafford.
consent enforced uniformity. Clergy disciplined, suspended or Executed in 1641.
deprived of livings for refusal. Altars at east end of church,
T/P: Extra-Parliamentary taxation on imports/exports. 1635: separated by altar rails with increased emphasis on Problems within Local Government
new Book of Rates issued. C only granted for 1 year but ceremony + ritual.
collected for longer - Parl. complained in PoR + 3 resolutions. Sheriffs - carried out unpopular measures such as the collection of taxes,
1631-35: £270,000 PA. 1635: £425,000 Destroying Puritanism: Used COHC + Star Chamber to i.e. ship money
prosecute Puritan critics of Church, i.e. Alexander Leighton
Recusansy Fines: Fines who refuse to attend compulsory (fined, pilloried, lashed + ears chopped off, nose slit + Constables - Drawn from local communities being loyal to them only, not
CofE services. Laud's religious reforms more Arminian: cheeks branded with S.L. for criticising bishops in 'Sion's the crown. Poor instruments for imposing central Govt. orders
angered Puritans. 1620s: £5,300 PA. 1634: £26,000 PA Plea Against the Prelacy’. Prynne, Bastwick + Burton wrote
pamphlets + faced large fines, prison sentences + brutal Justices of the Peace (JPs) - Formed an unreliable army. Only did the job
Distraint of Knighthood: Those with land £40+ had to attend punishments. 1633: Court of Exchequer ordered to enhance their social standing.
coronation to be knighted - fined if not. Not used since Tudor dissolution of Feoffees for Impropriations, an organisation
Times. Oliver Cromwell a victim. By 1635: £175,000. Everyone Lord Lieutenants - Organised local defence/mobilised county militia. In-
of wealthy Puritans trying to appoint Puritan preachers.
rich paid, but only a 1 time payment: strains loyalty to C equipt + Aristocratic based. Deputy Lieutenants did all the work.
Hostile books/pamphlets censored.
Monopolies: Sold corporations sole right to sell goods. Parl . Solutions
Restoring the Fabric of the Church: Many churches
declared in 1624 it was corruption. C sold to corporations dilapidated from neglect, i.e. lead stolen from roofs, Book of Orders (1631): Detailed instructions for Sheriffs
instead, not individuals. E.g. 'Popish Soap' raised concerns animals wondering. St Paul's Cathedral: 1633 Special Levy clarifying their role. Aimed to improve the lives of local people,
over Catholic Corruption. Every £100,000 for C, £750,000 for for restoration. Records kept of those who didn't pay. i.e. The Repair of Roads + Administering of Poor Relief, as
corporation. Popish Soap = £33,000 Address fundamental economic reasons for stated by land owners paying Poor Rates.
impoverishment: tithes paid to gentry instead of clergy -
Forestry Laws: Fine on Landowners who extended land past angered landowners Council of the North: TW was Lord President - he used the
ancient boundaries. No legal documentation to prove their
Courts to demand accountability, i.e. people who refused to pay
right, angering wealthy landowners. Raised £38,667 - Reinforcing Divine Right: Encouraged clergy to preach Poor Rates taken to court. Thought Strong Govt. was needed for
Landowners can't produce documentation. E.g. Earl of sermons supporting divine nature of royal authority. good of the people: meant protection for property/rights
Salisbury = £20,000 Bishops given prominent places in C Government, i.e.
1635: Bishop Juxon became Lord Treasurer. Improved Militia: Counties ordered to improve
Ship Money: Tax on coastal counties to provide ships in times
weapons/training. Commissioners appointed to oversee reforms
of national crisis. 1635: extended nationwide + inland. John Opposition
Hampden (Puritan MP) challenged - took to court and lost 7-5. Opposition
Moral (pyrrhic) victory for Hampden either way: inspired Direct: Avoided delivering the Book of Sports properly - went against
opponents + undermined C total power (instead of a 12-0 he Sabbatarianism. i.e. Edward Williams read to empty church, Stephen Bellasis sentenced to a month in prison for refusing to remove hat -
won by smallest margin possible). C viewed a national Dennison read, then preached against using 10 commandments. perceived as a rejection of royal authority. David Foulis accused TW of
emergency: only he could judge that. Hampden viewed it Prevent changes to Church Environment: Nathaniel Ward refused to corruption for failing to send fines for Distraint of Knighthood - charged with
unlawful in times of peace. Not in an emergency 3 years on follow Common Prayer Book, Parishioners of St. Gregory's Church slander.
from 1634. 90%+ compliance rate + £200,000 PA. Value fell refused to move communion table (brought in front of Privy Council).
from 1635-1639 to just £53,000 with a 25% compliance rate. Produced Pamphlets: i.e. Burton, For God and King 1636: accused Evaluation/Judgement
bishops of Catholicism. Williams, The Holy Table 1637: criticised the
THOROUGH IN IRELAND
Evaluation/Judgement SCOTLAND + THE BISHOP WARS Successful: Words of Edward Hyde: TOPIC ANALYSIS
'greatest calm and the fullest
word 'Altar' sounding like Popery rather than 'Table'.
measure of good luck', ensured poor farmers not illegally evicted by
Background:
Successful: Protestant
reduced debts Religion
to £1m,imposed.
crown ranHad Plantation
affairs Movement
properly, vast S vs E: Predominantly Presbyterian - any changes to the church MUST be done landowners, ensuredKey
wealthy issue: +Why
uniformity did the P.R. End?
efficiency
imposedpaid
upon them: Scottish/English 'planted' in Ireland to overthrow the Indirect: Many
carefully, as JEmigrated
had done to countriesYET:
previously. of Religious Freedom, +
C was insensitive like
was planning to undo
majority fines until 1637
Govt. Land taken away from Irish + given to protestant settlers. America. Massachusetts
all previous (1620) founded
religious harmony by the
- introduced 'Founding
a series Fathers',that undermined
of measures Short-Term Argumentaffected Long-Term Argument
Unsuccessful: Greater Govt. involvement local communities +
Unsuccessful: most policies short-term, caused popular hostility due to having 20,000 Puritans by 1630. 'New Haven' (1638) + 'Providence'
his P.R. Relative Stability Unsustainable FP: FP
finances, some resented enforced Royal authority, some lost benefits of
Problems: Alegality,
financialhostility/resentment
liability - annual deficit
with of £20,000 Cmainly due to (1636) major names via Puritan settlers. Throughout:
questionable traditional supporters corruption i.e. economically, abuseRPof power: TWonly short-term.
zealous
permanent army presence. TW sent to Ireland to impose Thorough - C Measures: Introduced the Scottish Cannons which were identical to English generally accepted, FP Evidenced through the
introduced policies symbolising the hatred of English Rule/Royal
Cannons. Enforcing Laudianism by introducing the English Common Prayer Book. attempted to Balance the 1st Bishops War, recalling
