CHAPTER 30 - URINARY ELIMINATION
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
URINARY SYSTEM - ANSWERSconsists of the
-kidneys
-ureters
-bladder
-urethra
these MAJOR components along with some accessory structures, such as the ring
shaped muscles called the internal and external sphincters, work together to produce
urine (fluid w/in the bladder), collect it and excrete it from the body.
URINARY ELIMINATION - ANSWERSthe process of releasing excess fluid and
metabolic wastes, or urination , occurs when urine is excreted.
avg person eliminates approx. 1500-3000 ml of urine per day.
consequences of impaired urinary elimination can be life-threatening
need to urinate becomes apparent when the bladder distends approx. 150 to 300 ml of
urine.
the distention causes increased fluid pressure, stimulating stretch receptors in the
bladder wall and creating a desire to urinate.
CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE - ANSWERSvolume
color
clarity
odor
FACTORS AFFECTING URINARY ELIMINATION - ANSWERSpatterns depend on
physiologic, emotional, and social factors.
Ex:
1) degree of neuromuscular development and the integrity of the spinal cord
2)volume of fluid intake and the amount of fluid losses, including those from other
sources.
,3)amount and type of food consumed
4)persons circadian rhythm, habits, opportunities for urination, and anxiety.
general measure to promote urination include:
-privacy
-assuming a natural position for urination
-maintaining an adequate fluid intake
-using stimuli such as running water from a tap to initiate voiding
URINE SPECIMEN COLLECTION - ANSWERSVOIDED SPECIMENS:
sample of fresh urine collected in a clean container
the FIRST voided specimen of the day is preferred b/c it is most likely to contain
substantial urinary components that have accumulated during the night.
nevertheless, the specimen can be voided and collected at ANY TIME it is needed.
sample is transferred into a specimen and delivered to the lab for testing and analysis. if
the specimen cannot be examined in less than 1 hour after collection, it is labeled and
refrigerated.
CLEAN CATCH SPECIMENS:
voided sample of urine considered sterile and is sometimes called a MIDSTREAM
SPECIMEN b/c of the way it is collected.
to avoid contamination, the meatus (opening to the urethra, and the surrounding tissue)
is cleansed
the urine is collected after the initial stream has been released.
preferred to randomly voided specimens
also preferable when a urine specimen is needed during a woman's menstrual period.
as soon as specimens are collected, it is labeled and take to the lab.
refrigerated if the analysis will be delayed more than 1 hour.
follow hospital policy for your facility regarding collection of urine
quality of results is only as good as the quality of the specimen, making the technique
for collection crucial to the reliability of the results.
, CATHETER SPECIMENS:
can be collected under sterile conditions using a catheter, but this is usually done when
clients are catheterized for other reasons such as to control incontinence in an
unconscious client.
clean catch, midstream specimens are a lower cost alternative to catheterized
specimens b/c of the reduced incidence of cellular and microbial contamination.
for clients who are already catheterized, the nurse clamps the drainage tube for 30
minutes and then aspirates a sample through the lumen of a latex catheter or from
ABNORMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE - ANSWERS-uria refers to urine.
-hematuria
urine containing blood
-pyuria
urine containing pus
-proteinuria
urine containing plasma protein
-albuminuria
urine containing albumin, a plasma protein
-glycosuria
urine containing glucose
-Ketonuria
urine containing ketones
-leukocytosis
WBCs in the urine
ABNORMAL PATTERNS OF URINARY ELIMINATION - ANSWERSANURIA
the ABSENCE of urine or a volume of 100 ml or LESS in 24 hours.
indicates that the kidneys are not forming sufficient urine.
"urinary suppression" - the bladder is empty; therefore the client feels no urge to urinate.
this distinguishes anuria from urinary retention, in which the client produces urine but
DOES NOT release it from the bladder
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
URINARY SYSTEM - ANSWERSconsists of the
-kidneys
-ureters
-bladder
-urethra
these MAJOR components along with some accessory structures, such as the ring
shaped muscles called the internal and external sphincters, work together to produce
urine (fluid w/in the bladder), collect it and excrete it from the body.
URINARY ELIMINATION - ANSWERSthe process of releasing excess fluid and
metabolic wastes, or urination , occurs when urine is excreted.
avg person eliminates approx. 1500-3000 ml of urine per day.
consequences of impaired urinary elimination can be life-threatening
need to urinate becomes apparent when the bladder distends approx. 150 to 300 ml of
urine.
the distention causes increased fluid pressure, stimulating stretch receptors in the
bladder wall and creating a desire to urinate.
CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE - ANSWERSvolume
color
clarity
odor
FACTORS AFFECTING URINARY ELIMINATION - ANSWERSpatterns depend on
physiologic, emotional, and social factors.
Ex:
1) degree of neuromuscular development and the integrity of the spinal cord
2)volume of fluid intake and the amount of fluid losses, including those from other
sources.
,3)amount and type of food consumed
4)persons circadian rhythm, habits, opportunities for urination, and anxiety.
general measure to promote urination include:
-privacy
-assuming a natural position for urination
-maintaining an adequate fluid intake
-using stimuli such as running water from a tap to initiate voiding
URINE SPECIMEN COLLECTION - ANSWERSVOIDED SPECIMENS:
sample of fresh urine collected in a clean container
the FIRST voided specimen of the day is preferred b/c it is most likely to contain
substantial urinary components that have accumulated during the night.
nevertheless, the specimen can be voided and collected at ANY TIME it is needed.
sample is transferred into a specimen and delivered to the lab for testing and analysis. if
the specimen cannot be examined in less than 1 hour after collection, it is labeled and
refrigerated.
CLEAN CATCH SPECIMENS:
voided sample of urine considered sterile and is sometimes called a MIDSTREAM
SPECIMEN b/c of the way it is collected.
to avoid contamination, the meatus (opening to the urethra, and the surrounding tissue)
is cleansed
the urine is collected after the initial stream has been released.
preferred to randomly voided specimens
also preferable when a urine specimen is needed during a woman's menstrual period.
as soon as specimens are collected, it is labeled and take to the lab.
refrigerated if the analysis will be delayed more than 1 hour.
follow hospital policy for your facility regarding collection of urine
quality of results is only as good as the quality of the specimen, making the technique
for collection crucial to the reliability of the results.
, CATHETER SPECIMENS:
can be collected under sterile conditions using a catheter, but this is usually done when
clients are catheterized for other reasons such as to control incontinence in an
unconscious client.
clean catch, midstream specimens are a lower cost alternative to catheterized
specimens b/c of the reduced incidence of cellular and microbial contamination.
for clients who are already catheterized, the nurse clamps the drainage tube for 30
minutes and then aspirates a sample through the lumen of a latex catheter or from
ABNORMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE - ANSWERS-uria refers to urine.
-hematuria
urine containing blood
-pyuria
urine containing pus
-proteinuria
urine containing plasma protein
-albuminuria
urine containing albumin, a plasma protein
-glycosuria
urine containing glucose
-Ketonuria
urine containing ketones
-leukocytosis
WBCs in the urine
ABNORMAL PATTERNS OF URINARY ELIMINATION - ANSWERSANURIA
the ABSENCE of urine or a volume of 100 ml or LESS in 24 hours.
indicates that the kidneys are not forming sufficient urine.
"urinary suppression" - the bladder is empty; therefore the client feels no urge to urinate.
this distinguishes anuria from urinary retention, in which the client produces urine but
DOES NOT release it from the bladder
