CMN 552 ANXIETY FINAL EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ How are dopamine levels affected in depression and mania? Answer:
Dopamine activity may be reduced in depression and increased in mania
◉ How does depression affect sleep neurophysiology? Answer: Loss of
deep (slow-wave) sleep
Increase in nocturnal arousal.
The latter is reflected by four types of disturbance: (1) an increase in
nocturnal awakenings, (2) a reduction in total sleep time, (3) increased
phasic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and (4) increased core body
temperature. T
◉ What is the most common abnormality found in structural and
functional brain imaging in depressive disorders? Answer: Increased
frequency of abnormal hyperintensities in subcortical regions, such as
periventricular regions, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus
◉ What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in depressed patients?
Answer: (1) views about the self —a negative self-precept, (2) about the
environment—a tendency to experience the world as hostile and
,demanding, and (3) about the future—the expectation of suffering and
failure
◉ What is learned helplessness? Answer: the hopelessness and passive
resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated
aversive events
◉ What "specifiers" are used to describe patients with various mood
disorders? Answer: Table 8.1-7
◉ What factors are associated with a poor prognosis for patients with
mood disorders? Answer: MDD: The percentage of patients recovering
after repeated hospitalization decreases with passing time. Generally, as
a patient experiences more and more depressive episodes, the time
between the episodes decreases, and the severity of each episode
increases.
Bipolar I: Have a poorer prognosis than do patients with major
depressive disorder. About 40 to 50 percent of patients with bipolar I
disorder may have a second manic episode within 2 years of the first
episode. poor occupational status, alcohol dependence, psychotic
features, depressive features, interepisode depressive features, and male
gender were all factors that contributed a poor prognosis. Short duration
of manic episodes, advanced age of onset, few suicidal thoughts, and
few coexisting psychiatric or medical problems predict a better outcome.
,Bipolar II: The course and prognosis of bipolar II disorder indicate that
the diagnosis is stable because there is a high likelihood that patients
with bipolar II disorder will have the same diagnosis up to 5 years later.
Bipolar II disorder is a chronic disease that warrants long-term treatment
strategies.
◉ What is endogenous depression? Answer: depression with no
apparent cause
◉ What characteristics would the clinician see if a patient presented
with atypical features in a depressed patient? Answer: Catatonic
features
Postpartum onset
Rapid cycling
Seasonal features
Significant weight gain
Hypersomnia
Leaden paralysis
◉ What diagnostic criteria are required for a patient to receive a
diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder? Answer: *Five (or more) of
the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week
period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of
the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or
pleasure.
, Depressed most of the day, nearly every day as indicated by subjective
report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others
(e.g., appears tearful)
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by subjective account or
observation)
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., change of
more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in
appetite nearly every day
Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by
others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed
down)
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may
be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about
being sick).
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ How are dopamine levels affected in depression and mania? Answer:
Dopamine activity may be reduced in depression and increased in mania
◉ How does depression affect sleep neurophysiology? Answer: Loss of
deep (slow-wave) sleep
Increase in nocturnal arousal.
The latter is reflected by four types of disturbance: (1) an increase in
nocturnal awakenings, (2) a reduction in total sleep time, (3) increased
phasic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and (4) increased core body
temperature. T
◉ What is the most common abnormality found in structural and
functional brain imaging in depressive disorders? Answer: Increased
frequency of abnormal hyperintensities in subcortical regions, such as
periventricular regions, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus
◉ What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in depressed patients?
Answer: (1) views about the self —a negative self-precept, (2) about the
environment—a tendency to experience the world as hostile and
,demanding, and (3) about the future—the expectation of suffering and
failure
◉ What is learned helplessness? Answer: the hopelessness and passive
resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated
aversive events
◉ What "specifiers" are used to describe patients with various mood
disorders? Answer: Table 8.1-7
◉ What factors are associated with a poor prognosis for patients with
mood disorders? Answer: MDD: The percentage of patients recovering
after repeated hospitalization decreases with passing time. Generally, as
a patient experiences more and more depressive episodes, the time
between the episodes decreases, and the severity of each episode
increases.
Bipolar I: Have a poorer prognosis than do patients with major
depressive disorder. About 40 to 50 percent of patients with bipolar I
disorder may have a second manic episode within 2 years of the first
episode. poor occupational status, alcohol dependence, psychotic
features, depressive features, interepisode depressive features, and male
gender were all factors that contributed a poor prognosis. Short duration
of manic episodes, advanced age of onset, few suicidal thoughts, and
few coexisting psychiatric or medical problems predict a better outcome.
,Bipolar II: The course and prognosis of bipolar II disorder indicate that
the diagnosis is stable because there is a high likelihood that patients
with bipolar II disorder will have the same diagnosis up to 5 years later.
Bipolar II disorder is a chronic disease that warrants long-term treatment
strategies.
◉ What is endogenous depression? Answer: depression with no
apparent cause
◉ What characteristics would the clinician see if a patient presented
with atypical features in a depressed patient? Answer: Catatonic
features
Postpartum onset
Rapid cycling
Seasonal features
Significant weight gain
Hypersomnia
Leaden paralysis
◉ What diagnostic criteria are required for a patient to receive a
diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder? Answer: *Five (or more) of
the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week
period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of
the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or
pleasure.
, Depressed most of the day, nearly every day as indicated by subjective
report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others
(e.g., appears tearful)
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by subjective account or
observation)
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., change of
more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in
appetite nearly every day
Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by
others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed
down)
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may
be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about
being sick).
