UWSA-1 Comprehensive
Questions and Solutions
Graded A+
diffuse symmetric pulmonary opacities following major trauma - Answer: Acute respiratory
distress syndrome is characterized by hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary edema in the absence
of heart failure. It is most common in patients with severe systemic illness, trauma, or
pulmonary injury. Injury to alveolar pneumocytes and pulmonary *endothelium* leads to an
inflammatory response resulting in increased capillary permeability, intraalveolar fluid
accumulation, and hyaline membrane formation.
RPGN - Answer: causes nephritic syndrome and can occur as an end stage in multiple diseases
(eg, Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus). However, light microscopy
demonstrates glomerular crescents composed of proliferating parietal and inflammatory cells
IgA nephropathy - Answer:
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - Answer: nephrotic syndrome; AIDS and IV heroin abuse
long-term complications of paget disease - Answer: fracture, hearing loss, malignant
transformation leading to osteosarcoma, high-output cardiac failure
the feeling of a "lump in the throat" without accompanying physical, endoscopic, or radiologic
findings of esophageal obstruction. - Answer: globus sensation
,oligohydramnios - growth-restricted fetus with pulmonary hypoplasia and bilateral small,
underdeveloped kidneys. What is the cause? - Answer: ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II
receptor blockers are highly teratogenic and contraindicated during pregnancy because they can
impair fetal renal development (ie, renal hypoplasia or dysgenesis) and inhibit fetal urine
production (ie, oligohydramnios). Affected fetuses are at increased risk for pulmonary
hypoplasia and growth restriction.
NOT posterior urethral valves, membranes that obstruct the urethra, can cause decreased fetal
urine output and resultant oligohydramnios. However, the backup of urine typically causes
*bilateral hydronephrosis (ie, large kidneys)* rather than small, underdeveloped kidneys.
a researcher adds a radiolabeled - Answer:
DNA fragments in multiples of 180 base pairs on gel electrophoresis - Answer: DNA laddering is
a sensitive indicator of apoptosis (programmed cell death) and refers to the appearance of DNA
fragments in multiples of 180 base pairs on gel electrophoresis. Lymphoid malignancies (eg,
follicular B cell lymphoma) often evade programmed cell death by overexpressing BCL2, an
antiapoptotic protein.
What causes smooth muscle to contract in lungs? - Answer: Activation of muscarinic M3
receptors in the lung by acetylcholine leads to bronchial smooth muscle constriction.
Atropine effects on lungs - Answer: Atropine competitively inhibits muscarinic receptors on
bronchial smooth muscle, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors name and effect on lungs - Answer: increased
bronchoconstriction
Slower benzodiazepine metabolism and elimination in the elderly increase the likelihood of -
Answer: adverse effects such as confusion, anterograde amnesia, ataxia, and falls.
not tolerance
, fever, dry skin and mucous membranes, flushing, blurred vision, and altered mental status. -
Answer: anticholinergic intoxication
Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) is a drug of abuse that can cause anticholinergic toxicity.
when a genetic mutation is identified in the offspring but not in the parents. - Answer: Germline
mosaicism
TNF-alpha - Answer: Tissue necrosis factor alpha is produced primarily by activated
macrophages. It is a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils and acts in an autocrine manner on
activated macrophages to increase phagocytosis and intracellular killing. It also triggers fever
and reduced appetite.
IL-2 - Answer: Interleukin-2 is primarily secreted by activated CD4 cells and exerts its effects on
the lymphocyte lineage. In particular, it induces proliferation and differentiation of type 1 and 2
T helper (CD4) lymphocytes and promotes cytotoxic killing by CD8 and NK cells (strong pro-
inflammatory effect). It also displays potent anti-inflammatory activity by stimulating regulatory
T cells (counterbalances immune overactivation).
calcium-dependent adhesion molecules that bind epithelial cells together within tissues. -
Answer: Cadherin molecules on epithelial cells bind to cadherin molecules on adjacent cells to
form adherens junctions and desmosomes.
umbilicated, flesh-colored papules on the skin and mucous membranes - Answer: Molluscum
contagiosum - It is caused by a poxvirus, which appears in pathologic specimens as eosinophilic
cytoplasmic inclusions (molluscum bodies).
what stimulates the release of bicarb in duodenum - Answer: Duodenal acidity triggers the
release of bile and bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid. bicarb secreted by S cells
Questions and Solutions
Graded A+
diffuse symmetric pulmonary opacities following major trauma - Answer: Acute respiratory
distress syndrome is characterized by hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary edema in the absence
of heart failure. It is most common in patients with severe systemic illness, trauma, or
pulmonary injury. Injury to alveolar pneumocytes and pulmonary *endothelium* leads to an
inflammatory response resulting in increased capillary permeability, intraalveolar fluid
accumulation, and hyaline membrane formation.
RPGN - Answer: causes nephritic syndrome and can occur as an end stage in multiple diseases
(eg, Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus). However, light microscopy
demonstrates glomerular crescents composed of proliferating parietal and inflammatory cells
IgA nephropathy - Answer:
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - Answer: nephrotic syndrome; AIDS and IV heroin abuse
long-term complications of paget disease - Answer: fracture, hearing loss, malignant
transformation leading to osteosarcoma, high-output cardiac failure
the feeling of a "lump in the throat" without accompanying physical, endoscopic, or radiologic
findings of esophageal obstruction. - Answer: globus sensation
,oligohydramnios - growth-restricted fetus with pulmonary hypoplasia and bilateral small,
underdeveloped kidneys. What is the cause? - Answer: ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II
receptor blockers are highly teratogenic and contraindicated during pregnancy because they can
impair fetal renal development (ie, renal hypoplasia or dysgenesis) and inhibit fetal urine
production (ie, oligohydramnios). Affected fetuses are at increased risk for pulmonary
hypoplasia and growth restriction.
NOT posterior urethral valves, membranes that obstruct the urethra, can cause decreased fetal
urine output and resultant oligohydramnios. However, the backup of urine typically causes
*bilateral hydronephrosis (ie, large kidneys)* rather than small, underdeveloped kidneys.
a researcher adds a radiolabeled - Answer:
DNA fragments in multiples of 180 base pairs on gel electrophoresis - Answer: DNA laddering is
a sensitive indicator of apoptosis (programmed cell death) and refers to the appearance of DNA
fragments in multiples of 180 base pairs on gel electrophoresis. Lymphoid malignancies (eg,
follicular B cell lymphoma) often evade programmed cell death by overexpressing BCL2, an
antiapoptotic protein.
What causes smooth muscle to contract in lungs? - Answer: Activation of muscarinic M3
receptors in the lung by acetylcholine leads to bronchial smooth muscle constriction.
Atropine effects on lungs - Answer: Atropine competitively inhibits muscarinic receptors on
bronchial smooth muscle, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors name and effect on lungs - Answer: increased
bronchoconstriction
Slower benzodiazepine metabolism and elimination in the elderly increase the likelihood of -
Answer: adverse effects such as confusion, anterograde amnesia, ataxia, and falls.
not tolerance
, fever, dry skin and mucous membranes, flushing, blurred vision, and altered mental status. -
Answer: anticholinergic intoxication
Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) is a drug of abuse that can cause anticholinergic toxicity.
when a genetic mutation is identified in the offspring but not in the parents. - Answer: Germline
mosaicism
TNF-alpha - Answer: Tissue necrosis factor alpha is produced primarily by activated
macrophages. It is a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils and acts in an autocrine manner on
activated macrophages to increase phagocytosis and intracellular killing. It also triggers fever
and reduced appetite.
IL-2 - Answer: Interleukin-2 is primarily secreted by activated CD4 cells and exerts its effects on
the lymphocyte lineage. In particular, it induces proliferation and differentiation of type 1 and 2
T helper (CD4) lymphocytes and promotes cytotoxic killing by CD8 and NK cells (strong pro-
inflammatory effect). It also displays potent anti-inflammatory activity by stimulating regulatory
T cells (counterbalances immune overactivation).
calcium-dependent adhesion molecules that bind epithelial cells together within tissues. -
Answer: Cadherin molecules on epithelial cells bind to cadherin molecules on adjacent cells to
form adherens junctions and desmosomes.
umbilicated, flesh-colored papules on the skin and mucous membranes - Answer: Molluscum
contagiosum - It is caused by a poxvirus, which appears in pathologic specimens as eosinophilic
cytoplasmic inclusions (molluscum bodies).
what stimulates the release of bicarb in duodenum - Answer: Duodenal acidity triggers the
release of bile and bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid. bicarb secreted by S cells
