ABAT STUDY QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
1. ASD and common characteristics and deficits - ANSWERImpairment in social
interaction & communication, repetitive & stereotyped patterns of interest
2. Autism as a spectrum disorder with a triad of primary impairments - ANSWER
3. 'Red flags' used in early diagnosis - ANSWERNot responding to their name by 12
months of age.
Not pointing at objects to show interest (point at an airplane flying over) by 14 months.
Not playing "pretend" games (pretend to "feed" a doll) by 18 months.
Avoiding eye contact and want to be alone.
4. Risk factors to autism spectrum disorder - ANSWERidentical twins have increased
chances of both having autism, parents with 1 child with autism have 2-8% chance 2nd
child will as well, children born to older parents at higher risk
7. Identify co-morbid disorders associated with ASD - ANSWEROCD, ADD/ADHD
1. Basic assumptions in behaviorism and behavior modification - ANSWERLearning is
manifested by a change in behavior.
The environment shapes behavior.
The principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be
formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be
repeated) are central to explaining the learning process.
Secondary/Conditioned reinforcers - ANSWERreinforcers that we have to LEARN to
want/like. Ex. Money, tokens, etc...
Primary/ Unconditioned reinforcers - ANSWERReinforcers/ things that we are BORN
knowing that we want/like. A baby wants primary reinforcement. EX. basic needs, such
as food, warmth, water, etc...
Types of schedules of reinforcement - ANSWERFixed Interval- Reinforced after set,
unchanging period of time (ex. getting a paycheck every 2 weeks)
Fixed Ratio- Reinforced after set, unchanging number of correct responses given (ex.
Picking from a treasure box after getting 5 Stickers)
Variable Interval: Reinforced after random amount of time (Ex. Looking at the sky every
night hoping to see shooting stars, and being reinforced on the random nights when you
actually do see one)
Variable Ratio: Reinforced after random amount of responses (Gambling)
, 6. Contingent Reinforcement - ANSWERReinforcer always occurs following response,
never in absence of response; ex. When asking a question that has stimulus control,
(Presenting an SD), the client being reinforced is CONTINGENT on them answering
correctly.
Non-contingent reinforcement (NCR) - ANSWERReinforcer is always given no matter
what the behavior happening is, usually given on a set schedule over time (Fixed
Interval), such as providing reinforcement, such as game time, every 10 minutes no
matter what happened during the 10 minutes.
7. Terms and definitions of Applied Verbal Behavior (AVB) - ANSWERWhen applied,
language that has the same form can have different functions. Ex. you may say candy
because you want candy (mand), or you may say candy because you see candy (tact)
Positive behavior support systems (PBS) - ANSWERPBS focuses on replacing problem
behavior with more appropriate alternatives•Primarily uses antecedent-based
interventions and reinforcement to address problem behavior and teach replacement
behaviors.
satiation - ANSWERAn excess or too much of one stimulus, item, object, etc
stimulus - ANSWERany event or situation that evokes a response; anything that can be
sensed with any of our five senses
discriminative stimulus - ANSWERAlso called discriminative stimulus, the name for a
stimulus that has stimulus control; ex. a stop sign is an SD
stimulus control - ANSWERthe ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and
discourage others; the stimulus can reinforce you for one response but not for others.
motivating operations - ANSWERRefer to some environmental event that temporarily
alters effectiveness of reinforcer - can cause reinforcer to be more/less effective; 2
types are satiation and deprivation
establishing operations - ANSWERA type of MO that makes the value of a reinforcer
increase; Ex. Deprivation: The value of a snack as a reinforcer is increased when a
client is hungry.
setting events - ANSWERScenarios, such as being sick, forgetting to take medication,
etc.. that alter the way we behave, react, etc
task analysis - ANSWERBreaking a task down into small steps.
Types of prompts - ANSWERPhysical, positional, gestural, verbal, modeling
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
1. ASD and common characteristics and deficits - ANSWERImpairment in social
interaction & communication, repetitive & stereotyped patterns of interest
2. Autism as a spectrum disorder with a triad of primary impairments - ANSWER
3. 'Red flags' used in early diagnosis - ANSWERNot responding to their name by 12
months of age.
Not pointing at objects to show interest (point at an airplane flying over) by 14 months.
Not playing "pretend" games (pretend to "feed" a doll) by 18 months.
Avoiding eye contact and want to be alone.
4. Risk factors to autism spectrum disorder - ANSWERidentical twins have increased
chances of both having autism, parents with 1 child with autism have 2-8% chance 2nd
child will as well, children born to older parents at higher risk
7. Identify co-morbid disorders associated with ASD - ANSWEROCD, ADD/ADHD
1. Basic assumptions in behaviorism and behavior modification - ANSWERLearning is
manifested by a change in behavior.
The environment shapes behavior.
The principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be
formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be
repeated) are central to explaining the learning process.
Secondary/Conditioned reinforcers - ANSWERreinforcers that we have to LEARN to
want/like. Ex. Money, tokens, etc...
Primary/ Unconditioned reinforcers - ANSWERReinforcers/ things that we are BORN
knowing that we want/like. A baby wants primary reinforcement. EX. basic needs, such
as food, warmth, water, etc...
Types of schedules of reinforcement - ANSWERFixed Interval- Reinforced after set,
unchanging period of time (ex. getting a paycheck every 2 weeks)
Fixed Ratio- Reinforced after set, unchanging number of correct responses given (ex.
Picking from a treasure box after getting 5 Stickers)
Variable Interval: Reinforced after random amount of time (Ex. Looking at the sky every
night hoping to see shooting stars, and being reinforced on the random nights when you
actually do see one)
Variable Ratio: Reinforced after random amount of responses (Gambling)
, 6. Contingent Reinforcement - ANSWERReinforcer always occurs following response,
never in absence of response; ex. When asking a question that has stimulus control,
(Presenting an SD), the client being reinforced is CONTINGENT on them answering
correctly.
Non-contingent reinforcement (NCR) - ANSWERReinforcer is always given no matter
what the behavior happening is, usually given on a set schedule over time (Fixed
Interval), such as providing reinforcement, such as game time, every 10 minutes no
matter what happened during the 10 minutes.
7. Terms and definitions of Applied Verbal Behavior (AVB) - ANSWERWhen applied,
language that has the same form can have different functions. Ex. you may say candy
because you want candy (mand), or you may say candy because you see candy (tact)
Positive behavior support systems (PBS) - ANSWERPBS focuses on replacing problem
behavior with more appropriate alternatives•Primarily uses antecedent-based
interventions and reinforcement to address problem behavior and teach replacement
behaviors.
satiation - ANSWERAn excess or too much of one stimulus, item, object, etc
stimulus - ANSWERany event or situation that evokes a response; anything that can be
sensed with any of our five senses
discriminative stimulus - ANSWERAlso called discriminative stimulus, the name for a
stimulus that has stimulus control; ex. a stop sign is an SD
stimulus control - ANSWERthe ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and
discourage others; the stimulus can reinforce you for one response but not for others.
motivating operations - ANSWERRefer to some environmental event that temporarily
alters effectiveness of reinforcer - can cause reinforcer to be more/less effective; 2
types are satiation and deprivation
establishing operations - ANSWERA type of MO that makes the value of a reinforcer
increase; Ex. Deprivation: The value of a snack as a reinforcer is increased when a
client is hungry.
setting events - ANSWERScenarios, such as being sick, forgetting to take medication,
etc.. that alter the way we behave, react, etc
task analysis - ANSWERBreaking a task down into small steps.
Types of prompts - ANSWERPhysical, positional, gestural, verbal, modeling
