BIOL 252 Exam 3
1.Hypoxic: Blood cells without enough oxygen. Causes = blood loss, low level of O2 in atmosphere (high elevations), abrupt
increase in body's O2 consumption (just starting to exercise). Doping athletes with erythropoietin
2.Functions of blood: Transport, protection, regulation
3.Transport: Blood carries oxygen from lungs, picks up nutrients, carries wastes and hormones, transports stem cells
4.Protections: Inflammation, WBCs destroy microorganisms, antibodies, platelets secrete blood clotting factors
5.Regulation: Fluid under certain conditions, buffering, dissipating heat
6.Characteristics of blood: Opaque, sticky substance. 8% of body weight
7.Blood pH: Buffers acids and bases - blood proteins help to stabilize pH of extracellular fluids. Blood pH = 7.35-7.45.
8.Blood osmolarity: Total molarity of dissolved particles that can't pass through blood vessel wall. Nourish surrounding cells and
remove their wastes. Transfer of fluids depends on balance between filtration of fluid from capillary and reabsorption by
osmosis.
9.Blood viscosity: Whole blood: 4.5-5.5x as viscous as water (bc of RBCs). Plasma: 2.0x water (bc of protein).
Governs flow of blood through vessels. Reduction = blood flows too easily; increase = blood flows to sluggishly
10. Blood temperature: Temperature of blood a little higher than temperature of body. Heat associated with inflammation.
11. Blood amount - sexes: Males: 5-6L, have more because bodies generally bigger. Females: 4-5 L. If body weight increases,
amount of blood in body increase too to feed extra tissue 12. Components of blood: Plasma, hematocrit, formed elements 13.
Plasma: Clear, light yellow fluid. Matrix.
14. Serum: Plasma without clotting protein fibrinogen
15. RBC count and hemoglobin concentration lower in women because...: 1)
Androgens stimulate RBC production, men have higher androgen levels. 2) Women of reproductive age have periodic menstrual
losses. 3) Hematocrit inversely proportional to percent body fat, averages higher in women
16. Blood sample: Centrifuge to separate. Straw colored top layer (~55%). Buffy coat (1%). Reddish mass (males - 47%,
females - 42%) - males higher % because of testosterone.
17. Hematocrit: % erythrocytes. %RBC/total blood volume. Components = erythrocytes
18 Formed elements: All arise from hemocytoblast. Suspended in plasma. Cells and cell fragments. Red blood cells, white blood
cells, platelets. Not cells. Erythrocytes (RBCs), platelets, leukocytes (WBCs) - granulocytes and agranulocytes
19. Plasma components: Water, plasma proteins, small solutes
20. Buffy coat components: Platelets, leukocytes
, 21. Blood plasma components: Water (about 90% of blood volume). Dissolved solutes (nutrients, gases, hormones, waste
products, proteins)
22. Blood plasma proteins: 7% w/v. Albumin (55+%). Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma). Fibrinogen
23. Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure (keeps fluid in blood). If you didn't have it, when fluid leaks out of capillaries to
nurture tissues as its supposed to, aren't able to return enough liquid to capillaries, dehydrated. Made in liver. Late stage
alcoholics have hard, enlarged, tight belly - their liver compromised - fluid leaks into the ascites because of reduced albumin.
Transports solutes, buffers blood plasma pH. Contributes to viscosity and osmolarity of blood. 24. Globulins: Alpha, beta,
gamma. Endocrine system - transport steroids. Gamma globulins part of immune system. Antibodies - associated with
immune function, type of protein, gamma globulins ARE antibodies. Antigens - cell surface, identifying proteins, gamma
globulins are NOT antigens. All except gamma made in liver. Gamma made from plasma cells (descended from B lymphocytes)
25. Fibrinogen: "-ogen" = inactive. Inactive. Fiberlike protein dissolved in blood. When activated - very important in clotting.
Made in liver
26. Cirrhosis: Liver disease. Results in decreased albumin - reduced osmotic pressure and ascites. Reduced clotting factors -
easy bruising and delayed clotting
27. Erythrocytes: RBC. Bi-concave. Bags of hemoglobin. Almost no mitochondria. Hematopoiesis. Pick up O2 from lungs and
deliver to tissues elsewhere. Pick up CO2 from tissues and unload in lungs.
28. Bi-concave shape of RBC: Makes them very flexible. Squeeze through tiny capillaries. No nucleus. Shape increases SA/V
ratio - increase speed of oxygen diffusion (maybe). At maturation: spit out nucleus and most organelles - lots of room for
hemoglobin, they're not using the oxygen themselves. Can't repair any damage - short lifespan. RBCs lack mitochondria - can't
do aerobic respiration - prevents them from consuming O2 they need to deliver to other tissues
29. Hemopoiesis: Production of blood, especially its formed elements
30. Hematopoiesis: Formation of new blood cells (100 billion/day)
31. Hemoglobin: In cytoplasm of RBC. Red pigment. Role in O2 transport. Aids in transport of CO2 and buffering of blood pH.
32 Hemoglobin structure (adult = HbA): Made of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains. Each chain has 1 heme molecule. Heme = pigment.
Each heme binds 1 iron. Each iron binds 1 oxygen. End up with 4 total oxygen
33. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF): Two gamma chains instead of beta chains. Binds more tightly than HbA = fetus can extract O2
from mother's bloodstream
34. Erythropoiesis: Erythropoietin (kidneys): negative feedback. 3 stage production of RBC: occurs in marrow, early
erythroblast, late erythroblast, ejection of nucleus. Happens in bone marrow in response to erythropoietin. Significant shape
change - facilitated by accumulation of spectrin protein which works with actin in cytosol. Reticulocyte phase = not mature
cell, but kicked out nucleus
35. Erythropoiesis (book): Erythrocyte production. Four major developments: reduction in cell size, increase in cell number,
synthesis of hemoglobin, loss of nucleus and other organelles
1.Hypoxic: Blood cells without enough oxygen. Causes = blood loss, low level of O2 in atmosphere (high elevations), abrupt
increase in body's O2 consumption (just starting to exercise). Doping athletes with erythropoietin
2.Functions of blood: Transport, protection, regulation
3.Transport: Blood carries oxygen from lungs, picks up nutrients, carries wastes and hormones, transports stem cells
4.Protections: Inflammation, WBCs destroy microorganisms, antibodies, platelets secrete blood clotting factors
5.Regulation: Fluid under certain conditions, buffering, dissipating heat
6.Characteristics of blood: Opaque, sticky substance. 8% of body weight
7.Blood pH: Buffers acids and bases - blood proteins help to stabilize pH of extracellular fluids. Blood pH = 7.35-7.45.
8.Blood osmolarity: Total molarity of dissolved particles that can't pass through blood vessel wall. Nourish surrounding cells and
remove their wastes. Transfer of fluids depends on balance between filtration of fluid from capillary and reabsorption by
osmosis.
9.Blood viscosity: Whole blood: 4.5-5.5x as viscous as water (bc of RBCs). Plasma: 2.0x water (bc of protein).
Governs flow of blood through vessels. Reduction = blood flows too easily; increase = blood flows to sluggishly
10. Blood temperature: Temperature of blood a little higher than temperature of body. Heat associated with inflammation.
11. Blood amount - sexes: Males: 5-6L, have more because bodies generally bigger. Females: 4-5 L. If body weight increases,
amount of blood in body increase too to feed extra tissue 12. Components of blood: Plasma, hematocrit, formed elements 13.
Plasma: Clear, light yellow fluid. Matrix.
14. Serum: Plasma without clotting protein fibrinogen
15. RBC count and hemoglobin concentration lower in women because...: 1)
Androgens stimulate RBC production, men have higher androgen levels. 2) Women of reproductive age have periodic menstrual
losses. 3) Hematocrit inversely proportional to percent body fat, averages higher in women
16. Blood sample: Centrifuge to separate. Straw colored top layer (~55%). Buffy coat (1%). Reddish mass (males - 47%,
females - 42%) - males higher % because of testosterone.
17. Hematocrit: % erythrocytes. %RBC/total blood volume. Components = erythrocytes
18 Formed elements: All arise from hemocytoblast. Suspended in plasma. Cells and cell fragments. Red blood cells, white blood
cells, platelets. Not cells. Erythrocytes (RBCs), platelets, leukocytes (WBCs) - granulocytes and agranulocytes
19. Plasma components: Water, plasma proteins, small solutes
20. Buffy coat components: Platelets, leukocytes
, 21. Blood plasma components: Water (about 90% of blood volume). Dissolved solutes (nutrients, gases, hormones, waste
products, proteins)
22. Blood plasma proteins: 7% w/v. Albumin (55+%). Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma). Fibrinogen
23. Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure (keeps fluid in blood). If you didn't have it, when fluid leaks out of capillaries to
nurture tissues as its supposed to, aren't able to return enough liquid to capillaries, dehydrated. Made in liver. Late stage
alcoholics have hard, enlarged, tight belly - their liver compromised - fluid leaks into the ascites because of reduced albumin.
Transports solutes, buffers blood plasma pH. Contributes to viscosity and osmolarity of blood. 24. Globulins: Alpha, beta,
gamma. Endocrine system - transport steroids. Gamma globulins part of immune system. Antibodies - associated with
immune function, type of protein, gamma globulins ARE antibodies. Antigens - cell surface, identifying proteins, gamma
globulins are NOT antigens. All except gamma made in liver. Gamma made from plasma cells (descended from B lymphocytes)
25. Fibrinogen: "-ogen" = inactive. Inactive. Fiberlike protein dissolved in blood. When activated - very important in clotting.
Made in liver
26. Cirrhosis: Liver disease. Results in decreased albumin - reduced osmotic pressure and ascites. Reduced clotting factors -
easy bruising and delayed clotting
27. Erythrocytes: RBC. Bi-concave. Bags of hemoglobin. Almost no mitochondria. Hematopoiesis. Pick up O2 from lungs and
deliver to tissues elsewhere. Pick up CO2 from tissues and unload in lungs.
28. Bi-concave shape of RBC: Makes them very flexible. Squeeze through tiny capillaries. No nucleus. Shape increases SA/V
ratio - increase speed of oxygen diffusion (maybe). At maturation: spit out nucleus and most organelles - lots of room for
hemoglobin, they're not using the oxygen themselves. Can't repair any damage - short lifespan. RBCs lack mitochondria - can't
do aerobic respiration - prevents them from consuming O2 they need to deliver to other tissues
29. Hemopoiesis: Production of blood, especially its formed elements
30. Hematopoiesis: Formation of new blood cells (100 billion/day)
31. Hemoglobin: In cytoplasm of RBC. Red pigment. Role in O2 transport. Aids in transport of CO2 and buffering of blood pH.
32 Hemoglobin structure (adult = HbA): Made of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains. Each chain has 1 heme molecule. Heme = pigment.
Each heme binds 1 iron. Each iron binds 1 oxygen. End up with 4 total oxygen
33. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF): Two gamma chains instead of beta chains. Binds more tightly than HbA = fetus can extract O2
from mother's bloodstream
34. Erythropoiesis: Erythropoietin (kidneys): negative feedback. 3 stage production of RBC: occurs in marrow, early
erythroblast, late erythroblast, ejection of nucleus. Happens in bone marrow in response to erythropoietin. Significant shape
change - facilitated by accumulation of spectrin protein which works with actin in cytosol. Reticulocyte phase = not mature
cell, but kicked out nucleus
35. Erythropoiesis (book): Erythrocyte production. Four major developments: reduction in cell size, increase in cell number,
synthesis of hemoglobin, loss of nucleus and other organelles
