NRSG 357: Bone Health Exam Questions
and Answers Graded A+
What are the normal functions of bone? - Correct answer--Support, protection of
internal organs, voluntary movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
-point of attachment for muscles and ligaments
-lever for muscles
-production of RBC, WBC
-storage of inorganic minerals
What changes to bone are related to aging? - Correct answer--decreased bone
density and strength
-slowed remodeling process
What are normal functions of joints (articulation)? - Correct answer--Place where
two bones are in proximity and move in relation to each other.
-Diarthrodial (synovial) type: freely moveable
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,What changes to joint (articulation) are related to aging? - Correct answer--
increased risk for cartilage erosion that leads to direct contact between bone ends
and overgrowth of bone around joint margins
-loss of water from discs between vertebrae, decreased height of intervertebral
spaces.
What are the three types of cartilage? - Correct answer--hyaline
-elastic
-fibrous
Describe hyaline cartilage - Correct answer--most common
-contains moderate amount of collagen fibers
-Found in trachea, bronchi, nose, epiphyseal plate, articular surfaces of bones
Describe elastic cartilage - Correct answer--contains both collagen and elastic
fibers
-more flexible than hyaline
-found in ear, epiglottis, and larynx
Describe fibrous cartilage - Correct answer--mostly collagen fibers and is tough
tissue that often function as shock absorber
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,-found between vertebral discs and forms protective cushion between bones of
pelvic girdle knee, and shoulder
What are the three types of muscles? - Correct answer--cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal
Describe cardiac muscles - Correct answer--striated, involuntary
-found in heart only
Describe smooth muscles - Correct answer--nonstriated, involuntary
-found in walls of hallow structures such as airways, arteries, GI tract, urinary
bladder, uterus
Describe skeletal muscles - Correct answer--striated, voluntary
-found half human's body weight
What changes to muscles are related to aging? - Correct answer--decreased number
and diameter of muscle cells. Replacement of muscle cells by fibrous connective
tissue
-loss of elasticity and deterioration of cartilage
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, -reduced ability to store glycogen. Decreased ability to release glycogen as quick
energy during stress.
-decreased basal metabolic rate
What does the cellular structure of bone consist of? - Correct answer--inorganic
material (hydroxyapatite)
-organic material (osteoid)
What is inorganic material (hydroxyapatite)? - Correct answer--an inorganic
constituent of bone matrix and teeth, imparting rigidity to these structures
-calcium phosphate crystals
-mineral portion of bone giving it rigid strength and density
What is organic material (osteoid)? - Correct answer--protein + type 1 collagen
-tensile strength
What is an osteoprogenitor? - Correct answer--precursor to osteoblasts
-growth factors
What is an osteoblast? - Correct answer--synthesize organic bone matrix (collagen)
and proteins
-are the basic bone-forming cells
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and Answers Graded A+
What are the normal functions of bone? - Correct answer--Support, protection of
internal organs, voluntary movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
-point of attachment for muscles and ligaments
-lever for muscles
-production of RBC, WBC
-storage of inorganic minerals
What changes to bone are related to aging? - Correct answer--decreased bone
density and strength
-slowed remodeling process
What are normal functions of joints (articulation)? - Correct answer--Place where
two bones are in proximity and move in relation to each other.
-Diarthrodial (synovial) type: freely moveable
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,What changes to joint (articulation) are related to aging? - Correct answer--
increased risk for cartilage erosion that leads to direct contact between bone ends
and overgrowth of bone around joint margins
-loss of water from discs between vertebrae, decreased height of intervertebral
spaces.
What are the three types of cartilage? - Correct answer--hyaline
-elastic
-fibrous
Describe hyaline cartilage - Correct answer--most common
-contains moderate amount of collagen fibers
-Found in trachea, bronchi, nose, epiphyseal plate, articular surfaces of bones
Describe elastic cartilage - Correct answer--contains both collagen and elastic
fibers
-more flexible than hyaline
-found in ear, epiglottis, and larynx
Describe fibrous cartilage - Correct answer--mostly collagen fibers and is tough
tissue that often function as shock absorber
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,-found between vertebral discs and forms protective cushion between bones of
pelvic girdle knee, and shoulder
What are the three types of muscles? - Correct answer--cardiac
-smooth
-skeletal
Describe cardiac muscles - Correct answer--striated, involuntary
-found in heart only
Describe smooth muscles - Correct answer--nonstriated, involuntary
-found in walls of hallow structures such as airways, arteries, GI tract, urinary
bladder, uterus
Describe skeletal muscles - Correct answer--striated, voluntary
-found half human's body weight
What changes to muscles are related to aging? - Correct answer--decreased number
and diameter of muscle cells. Replacement of muscle cells by fibrous connective
tissue
-loss of elasticity and deterioration of cartilage
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, -reduced ability to store glycogen. Decreased ability to release glycogen as quick
energy during stress.
-decreased basal metabolic rate
What does the cellular structure of bone consist of? - Correct answer--inorganic
material (hydroxyapatite)
-organic material (osteoid)
What is inorganic material (hydroxyapatite)? - Correct answer--an inorganic
constituent of bone matrix and teeth, imparting rigidity to these structures
-calcium phosphate crystals
-mineral portion of bone giving it rigid strength and density
What is organic material (osteoid)? - Correct answer--protein + type 1 collagen
-tensile strength
What is an osteoprogenitor? - Correct answer--precursor to osteoblasts
-growth factors
What is an osteoblast? - Correct answer--synthesize organic bone matrix (collagen)
and proteins
-are the basic bone-forming cells
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
