GNRS 582A PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Final
EXAM |ACTUAL 200+Qs&As|ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is an effect of cortisol?
Anti-inflammatory, a cause of hyperglycemia
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size. (Ex: shrinkage due to disuse)
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size. (ex: increase in heart size)
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells. (ex: liver)
Metaplasia
Replacement of one type of cell with another (ex: cigarette smoking)
Dysplasia
Abnormal development of cells (ex: cancer)
Which type of cell or organ change is always pathologic?
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia
5 Dysplasia
,Which type of cell or organ change may be pathologic?
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia
Which is reversible, ischemia or infarction?
Ischemia
What are systemic signs of cell injury?
They are non-specific
-Fatigue and malaise
-Altered appetite
-Fever
-Leukocytosis
-Increased heart rate
-Pain
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
,Hypoxia
Why does cellular swelling occur in a hypoxic situation?
Decreased ATP production which causes failure of NA/K -ATPase. Pump failure
What are the two cellular responses to hypoxia?
-Cellular swelling
-Lactic acid production
What do ROS cause?
-Cell membrane breakdown and lysis of cell
-Alteration of protein folding
-DNA damage
What is a reperfusion injury?
Blood is restored and free radicals are released from tissues. Free radicals are due to
hypoxia.
What is the most common degenerative change?
Cellular swelling. Caused by extracellular water into cells. It is the most reversible
Dystrophic calcifications versus metastatic calcifications
-Dystrophic: occur in dead and dying tissues in areas of necrosis (valves)
-Metastatic: mineral deposits that occur in normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia
The type of necrosis most commonly seen in the brain is ______.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
, 4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive
6 Liquefactive
The type of necrosis most commonly seen in the pancreas is ______.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive
3 Fat
__________ necrosis is most commonly seen in a distal extremity or a loop of
bowel.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive
5 Gangrenous
EXAM |ACTUAL 200+Qs&As|ALREADY
GRADED A+
What is an effect of cortisol?
Anti-inflammatory, a cause of hyperglycemia
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size. (Ex: shrinkage due to disuse)
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size. (ex: increase in heart size)
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells. (ex: liver)
Metaplasia
Replacement of one type of cell with another (ex: cigarette smoking)
Dysplasia
Abnormal development of cells (ex: cancer)
Which type of cell or organ change is always pathologic?
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia
5 Dysplasia
,Which type of cell or organ change may be pathologic?
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia
Which is reversible, ischemia or infarction?
Ischemia
What are systemic signs of cell injury?
They are non-specific
-Fatigue and malaise
-Altered appetite
-Fever
-Leukocytosis
-Increased heart rate
-Pain
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
,Hypoxia
Why does cellular swelling occur in a hypoxic situation?
Decreased ATP production which causes failure of NA/K -ATPase. Pump failure
What are the two cellular responses to hypoxia?
-Cellular swelling
-Lactic acid production
What do ROS cause?
-Cell membrane breakdown and lysis of cell
-Alteration of protein folding
-DNA damage
What is a reperfusion injury?
Blood is restored and free radicals are released from tissues. Free radicals are due to
hypoxia.
What is the most common degenerative change?
Cellular swelling. Caused by extracellular water into cells. It is the most reversible
Dystrophic calcifications versus metastatic calcifications
-Dystrophic: occur in dead and dying tissues in areas of necrosis (valves)
-Metastatic: mineral deposits that occur in normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia
The type of necrosis most commonly seen in the brain is ______.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
, 4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive
6 Liquefactive
The type of necrosis most commonly seen in the pancreas is ______.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive
3 Fat
__________ necrosis is most commonly seen in a distal extremity or a loop of
bowel.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive
5 Gangrenous
