NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS 2024 - 2025
AcuteArenalAfailureA-ACORRECTAANSWER-Reversible
DeterminingAprognosis-
AkidneysArespondAtoAdiureticAwithAgoodAoutput;AthisAindicatesAthatAkidneysAareAfunctioningAwell
AcuteAPyelonephritisA-ACORRECTAANSWER-
DiagnosingAbyAclinicalAsymptomsAaloneAcanAbeAdifficult;AcanAbeAsimilarAtoAcystitis
DiagnosisAestablishedAby:
-UrineAculture
-UrinalysisA(WBCAcastsAindicatesApyelonephritis,AbutAmayAnotAalwaysAbeApresent)
-Signs/Symptoms
-ComplicatedApyelonephritisArequiresAbloodAculturesAandAurinaryAtractAimaging
RenalACalculiA(RenalAStones)A-ACORRECTAANSWER-GoalsAofATreatment:
ManageAacuteApain
PromoteApassageAofAstone
ReduceAsizeAofAstone
PreventAnewAstoneAformation
ChronicARenalAFailureA-ACORRECTAANSWER-
ChronicAKidneyADiseaseA(CKD)AisAaAprogressiveAlossAofArenalAfunctionAassociatedAwithAsystemicAdis
easeAsuchAasAhypertension,AdiabetesAmellitusA(mostAsignificantAriskAfactor),AsystemicAlupusAerythe
matosusAorAintrinsicAkidneyAdisease
CKDAstageAisAdeterminedAbyAestimatesAofAGFRAandAalbuminuria
, WhoAisAaAcandidateAforAdialysis?A-ACORRECTAANSWER-End-
stageArenalAdiseaseA(ESRD)AisAtheAfinalAstageAofACKDAwithAtheAnumberAoneAcauseAbeingAdiabetesA
mellitusAcombinedAwithAhypertension.AAtAthisApoint,AtheApatientAisAcompletelyAdependentAonAdial
ysisAtoAsurvive.
CKDAisAclassifiedAintoAfiveAstagesAandAisAbasedAonAtheApatient'sAGFRAratherAthanAsymptoms.
PatientsAwillAneedAdialysisAwhenAtheAfollowingAsymptomsAareApresent:
--MetabolicAacidosis.
--Hyperkalemia:AHyperkalemiaAinAtheApresenceAofAEKGAchangesA(peakedAT-
waves)AisAanAindicationAforAdialysis.A--HyperkalemiaAbyAitselfAisAnotAanAindicationAforAdialysis.
--
DrugAtoxicity:ADrugAtoxicityAdueAtoAtheAfollowingAdrugsAisAanAindicationAforAdialysisAandAincludeAsal
icylates,ALithium,AIsopropanol,AMethanolAandAEthyleneAglycol).
--FluidAvolumeAoverloadAthatAisAnotAresponsiveAtoAdiuretics.
--UremicAsymptomsAdueAtoAnitrogenousAwastesAinAtheAbloodAstream.
StageAIACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-ThereAisAkidneyAdamageAwithAnormalAorAelevatedAGFR
90-120
StageAIIACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-ThereAisAkidneyAdamageAwithAmildAdecreaseAinAGFR
60-89
StageAIIIACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-ThereAisAaAmoderateAdecreaseAinAGFR
30-59
StageAIVACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-ThereAisAaAsevereAdecreaseAinAGFR
15-29
StageAVACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-KidneyAfailure-AEnd-stageArenalAdisease
<15A(dialysis)AOnceAStageAIVAisAreached,AprogressionAtoAStageAVAisAinevitableAasAwellAasAdialysisAorA
kidneyAtransplant
ComplicationsAofADecreasedAGFRA-ACORRECTAANSWER-Anemia
Hypertension
EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS 2024 - 2025
AcuteArenalAfailureA-ACORRECTAANSWER-Reversible
DeterminingAprognosis-
AkidneysArespondAtoAdiureticAwithAgoodAoutput;AthisAindicatesAthatAkidneysAareAfunctioningAwell
AcuteAPyelonephritisA-ACORRECTAANSWER-
DiagnosingAbyAclinicalAsymptomsAaloneAcanAbeAdifficult;AcanAbeAsimilarAtoAcystitis
DiagnosisAestablishedAby:
-UrineAculture
-UrinalysisA(WBCAcastsAindicatesApyelonephritis,AbutAmayAnotAalwaysAbeApresent)
-Signs/Symptoms
-ComplicatedApyelonephritisArequiresAbloodAculturesAandAurinaryAtractAimaging
RenalACalculiA(RenalAStones)A-ACORRECTAANSWER-GoalsAofATreatment:
ManageAacuteApain
PromoteApassageAofAstone
ReduceAsizeAofAstone
PreventAnewAstoneAformation
ChronicARenalAFailureA-ACORRECTAANSWER-
ChronicAKidneyADiseaseA(CKD)AisAaAprogressiveAlossAofArenalAfunctionAassociatedAwithAsystemicAdis
easeAsuchAasAhypertension,AdiabetesAmellitusA(mostAsignificantAriskAfactor),AsystemicAlupusAerythe
matosusAorAintrinsicAkidneyAdisease
CKDAstageAisAdeterminedAbyAestimatesAofAGFRAandAalbuminuria
, WhoAisAaAcandidateAforAdialysis?A-ACORRECTAANSWER-End-
stageArenalAdiseaseA(ESRD)AisAtheAfinalAstageAofACKDAwithAtheAnumberAoneAcauseAbeingAdiabetesA
mellitusAcombinedAwithAhypertension.AAtAthisApoint,AtheApatientAisAcompletelyAdependentAonAdial
ysisAtoAsurvive.
CKDAisAclassifiedAintoAfiveAstagesAandAisAbasedAonAtheApatient'sAGFRAratherAthanAsymptoms.
PatientsAwillAneedAdialysisAwhenAtheAfollowingAsymptomsAareApresent:
--MetabolicAacidosis.
--Hyperkalemia:AHyperkalemiaAinAtheApresenceAofAEKGAchangesA(peakedAT-
waves)AisAanAindicationAforAdialysis.A--HyperkalemiaAbyAitselfAisAnotAanAindicationAforAdialysis.
--
DrugAtoxicity:ADrugAtoxicityAdueAtoAtheAfollowingAdrugsAisAanAindicationAforAdialysisAandAincludeAsal
icylates,ALithium,AIsopropanol,AMethanolAandAEthyleneAglycol).
--FluidAvolumeAoverloadAthatAisAnotAresponsiveAtoAdiuretics.
--UremicAsymptomsAdueAtoAnitrogenousAwastesAinAtheAbloodAstream.
StageAIACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-ThereAisAkidneyAdamageAwithAnormalAorAelevatedAGFR
90-120
StageAIIACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-ThereAisAkidneyAdamageAwithAmildAdecreaseAinAGFR
60-89
StageAIIIACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-ThereAisAaAmoderateAdecreaseAinAGFR
30-59
StageAIVACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-ThereAisAaAsevereAdecreaseAinAGFR
15-29
StageAVACKDA-ACORRECTAANSWER-KidneyAfailure-AEnd-stageArenalAdisease
<15A(dialysis)AOnceAStageAIVAisAreached,AprogressionAtoAStageAVAisAinevitableAasAwellAasAdialysisAorA
kidneyAtransplant
ComplicationsAofADecreasedAGFRA-ACORRECTAANSWER-Anemia
Hypertension
