Psychology 1000 Exam questions
and answers graded A+
Learning - ANS✅✅the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring
information or behaviors
Classical conditioning - ANS✅✅after repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence, we
associate those stimuli with each other
Neutral stimulus - ANS✅✅Stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned response - ANS✅✅(UR) is an event that occurs naturally in response to some
stimulus
Conditioned response - ANS✅✅(CR) the learned response to the originally neutral but now
conditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus - ANS✅✅(CS) an originally neutral stimulus that, through learning, comes to
be associated with some unlearned response
Acquisition - ANS✅✅refers to the initial stage of learning/conditioning
Extinction - ANS✅✅refers to the diminishing of a conditioned response. If the US (food) stops
appearing with the CS (bell), the CR decreases
Spontaneous recovery - ANS✅✅a return of the conditioned response despite a lack of further
conditioning
Generalization - ANS✅✅the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli
Discrimination - ANS✅✅the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing
generalization
, Operant conditioning - ANS✅✅involves adjusting to the consequences of our behaviors
Positive reinforcement - ANS✅✅the reward is adding something desirable
Negative reinforcement - ANS✅✅the reward is ending something unpleasant
Reinforcement - ANS✅✅feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to be
done again
Shaping - ANS✅✅guiding a creature toward the behavior by reward behavior that comes closer
and closer to the desired behavior
Reinforcement schedule - ANS✅✅a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be
reinforced
Continuous reinforcement - ANS✅✅giving a reward after the target every single time), the subject
acquires the desired behavior quickly
Partial reinforcement - ANS✅✅(giving rewards part of the time), the target behavior takes longer
to be acquired/established but persists longer without reward
Fixed-ratio schedule - ANS✅✅Every so many behaviors
Variable-interval schedule - ANS✅✅slow, consistent responding
Variable-ratio schedule - ANS✅✅after an unpredictable number of behaviors
Positive punishment - ANS✅✅You ADD something unpleasant/aversive
Negative punishment - ANS✅✅You TAKE AWAY something pleasant/ desired
Observational learning - ANS✅✅watching what happens when other people do a behavior and
learning from their experience
and answers graded A+
Learning - ANS✅✅the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring
information or behaviors
Classical conditioning - ANS✅✅after repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence, we
associate those stimuli with each other
Neutral stimulus - ANS✅✅Stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned response - ANS✅✅(UR) is an event that occurs naturally in response to some
stimulus
Conditioned response - ANS✅✅(CR) the learned response to the originally neutral but now
conditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus - ANS✅✅(CS) an originally neutral stimulus that, through learning, comes to
be associated with some unlearned response
Acquisition - ANS✅✅refers to the initial stage of learning/conditioning
Extinction - ANS✅✅refers to the diminishing of a conditioned response. If the US (food) stops
appearing with the CS (bell), the CR decreases
Spontaneous recovery - ANS✅✅a return of the conditioned response despite a lack of further
conditioning
Generalization - ANS✅✅the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli
Discrimination - ANS✅✅the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing
generalization
, Operant conditioning - ANS✅✅involves adjusting to the consequences of our behaviors
Positive reinforcement - ANS✅✅the reward is adding something desirable
Negative reinforcement - ANS✅✅the reward is ending something unpleasant
Reinforcement - ANS✅✅feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to be
done again
Shaping - ANS✅✅guiding a creature toward the behavior by reward behavior that comes closer
and closer to the desired behavior
Reinforcement schedule - ANS✅✅a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be
reinforced
Continuous reinforcement - ANS✅✅giving a reward after the target every single time), the subject
acquires the desired behavior quickly
Partial reinforcement - ANS✅✅(giving rewards part of the time), the target behavior takes longer
to be acquired/established but persists longer without reward
Fixed-ratio schedule - ANS✅✅Every so many behaviors
Variable-interval schedule - ANS✅✅slow, consistent responding
Variable-ratio schedule - ANS✅✅after an unpredictable number of behaviors
Positive punishment - ANS✅✅You ADD something unpleasant/aversive
Negative punishment - ANS✅✅You TAKE AWAY something pleasant/ desired
Observational learning - ANS✅✅watching what happens when other people do a behavior and
learning from their experience
